Table 1.
Baseline Demographics and Clinical Characteristics of the IBD Patients.
| Total | Groups | p-Value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Placebo n = 19 |
Curcumin n = 20 |
Curcumin + Piperine n = 19 |
||||
| Age | Mean (SD) | 47.5 ± 15.5 | 50.9 ± 14.4 | 46.9 ± 18.9 | 44.7 ± 12.4 | 0.460 1 |
| Sex | Female | 38 (65.5) | 13 (68.4) | 11 (55.0) | 14 (73.7) | 0.447 2 |
| Male | 20 (34.5) | 6 (31.6) | 9 (45.0) | 5 (26.3) | ||
| Schooling | <4 years | 38 (65.5) | 8 (42.1) | 15 (75.0) | 15 (78.9) | 0.031 2 |
| ≥4 years | 20 (34.5) | 11 (57.9) a | 5 (25.0) b | 4 (21.1) b | ||
| Self-declared race | White | 14 (24.1) | 2 (10.5) | 7 (35.0) | 5 (26.3) | 0.196 2 |
| Black/Brown | 44 (75.9) | 17 (89.5) | 13 (65.0) | 14 (73.7) | ||
| Marital status | Single/Divorced | 19 (32.8) | 6 (31.6) | 8 (40.0) | 5 (26.3) | 0.668 2 |
| Stable union | 33 (67.2) | 10 (52.6) | 10 (50.0) | 13 (68.4) | ||
| Inflammatory Bowel Disease | Crohn’s disease | 19 (32.8) | 9 (47.4) b | 2 (10.0) a | 8 (42.1) ab | 0.026 2 |
| Ulcerative colitis | 39 (67.2) | 10 (52.6) | 18 (90.0) | 11 (57.9) | ||
| Diagnosis time | <10 years | 22 (37.9) | 11 (57.9) | 5 (25.0) | 6 (31.6) | 0.084 2 |
| ≥10 years | 36 (62.1) | 8 (42.1) | 15 (75.0) | 13 (68.4) | ||
| Chronic non-communicable diseases | No | 41 (70.7) | 14 (73.7) | 14 (70.0) | 13 (68.4) | 0.935 2 |
| Yes | 17 (29.3) | 5 (26.3) | 6 (30.0) | 6 (31.6) | ||
| History of COVID-19 | No | 47 (81.0) | 17 (89.5) | 15 (75.0) | 15 (78.9) | 0.495 2 |
| Yes | 11 (19.0) | 2 (10.5) | 5 (25.0) | 4 (21.1) | ||
| Extraintestinal manifestation | No | 53 (91.4) | 17 (89.5) | 19 (95.0) | 17 (89.5) | 0.776 2 |
| Yes | 5 (8.6) | 2 (10.5) | 1 (5.0) | 2 (10.5) | ||
| Pharmacologic treatment | Aminosalicylates | 24 (41.4) | 6 (31.6) | 8 (40.0) | 10 (52.6) | 0.520 2 |
| Immunosuppressant alone/combined with aminosalicylates | 3 (5.2) | 1 (5.3) | 2 (10.0) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Biological therapy | 30 (51.7) | 11 (57.9) | 10 (50.0) | 9 (47.4) | ||
| No drug therapy | 1 (1.7) | 1 (10.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Smoking | No | 43 (74.1) | 13 (68.4) | 15 (75.0) | 15 (78.9) | 0.755 2 |
| Yes | 15 (25.9) | 6 (31.6) | 5 (25.0) | 4 (21.1) | ||
| Physical exercise | No | 42 (72.4) | 13 (68.4) | 15 (75.0) | 14 (73.7) | 0.890 2 |
| Yes | 16 (27.6) | 6 (31.6) | 5 (25.0) | 5 (26.3) | ||
| Body mass index | Low weight | 9 (15.5) | 1 (5.3) | 4 (20.0) | 4 (21.1) | 0.588 2 |
| Suitable weight | 24 (41.4) | 10 (52.6) | 7 (35.0) | 7 (36.8) | ||
| Overweight | 25 (43.1) | 8 (42.1) | 9 (45.0) | 8 (42.1) | ||
Legend: 1—ANOVA test; 2—Chi-square or Fisher’s exact test; Categorical data expressed as n (%); a,b: different letters represent statistical significance.