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. 2024 Feb 13;26(4):421–425. doi: 10.4103/aja202379

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Copyright: ©The Author(s)(2024)

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Different etiological types of seminiferous tubules. (a) Successful sperm retrieval in a patient with iNOA. The seminiferous tubules are atrophic and occasionally well-developed. (b) Failed sperm retrieval in a patient with iNOA. All seminiferous tubules are atrophic. (c) Failed sperm retrieval in a patient with Klinefelter syndrome. All seminiferous tubules are atrophic. (d) Sperm retrieval failure in a patient with AZFc region deletion. The seminiferous tubules are generally thin, and no sperm can be seen within them. iNOA: idiopathic nonobstructive azoospermia; AZFc: azoospermia factor c region.