Table 6.

Summary of toluene oxidation over the reported metal oxide catalysts with hollow structures.

Catalysts	Synthesis Method	SBET (m2 g−1)	Reaction Conditions	Catalytic Performance			Morphology	Ref.
			Toluene Concentration, Weight Hourly Space Velocity (WHSV)	T90 (°C)	T100 (°C)	Ea (kJ mol−1)
CeO2 hollow sphere	Hydrothermal methods	130.2	1000 ppm, 48,000 mL g−1 h−1	207	—	55.0		[147]
Hollow Co3O4 polyhedral nanocages	Thermal treatment of ZIF-67 templates	74.3	12,000 ppm, 21,000 mL g−1 h−1	259	280	77.9		[152]
Flower-like MnO2 hollow microspheres	Interface reaction method	214.0	3000 ppm, 15,000 mL g−1 h−1	237	—	—		[151]
Manganese oxide polyhedra with hollow morphologies	Hydrothermal route	90.0	1000 ppm, 32,000 mL g−1 h−1	—	240	—		[153]
Pt/ZrO2 (0.57)	Modified Stöber process	285.0	1000 ppm in a total air flow of 100 mL min−1	172	—	—		[144]
Pt/H-MnO2	Carbon spheres template method	54.0	1000 ppm, 60,000 mL g−1 h−1	180	—	—		[154]
Nanocage-shaped Co3−xZrxO4 loaded with Pt	Template method	23.5	50 ppm, 36,000 mL g−1 h−1	165	—	66.2		[20]
Pd-Modified NiCoOx hollow nanospheres	Hard template method	162.1	500 ppm, 36,000 mL g−1 h−1	—	190	—		[6]
hollow microsphere CuMnOx	One-pot preparation	193.3	1000 ppm, 30,000 mL g−1 h−1	237	—	55.7		[155]
MnCeOx–OH hollow structure	Carbon spheres as hard templates	88.4	1000 ppm, 36,000 mL g−1 h−1	237	—	98.9		[156]
Ce0.03MnOx hollow microsphere	Redox co-precipitation method	51.2	1000 ppm, 20,000 mL g−1 h−1	—	225	90.4		[157]
Hollow MnxCo3−xO4 Polyhedron	Controlling heating rates	59.7	3000 ppm, 30,000 mL g−1 h−1	188	195	57.4		[158]
Hollow CoInOx nanocube	SiO2 template strategy	36.0	3000 ppm, 30,000 mL g−1 h−1	178	—	41.6		[150]