Figure 7.

Increased plasma levels of neutrophil extracellular trap markers during P. fragile co-infection of ART-treated SIVmac239-infected rhesus macaques. Markers of neutrophil extracellular trap formation were measured throughout P. fragile co-infection of ART-treated SIVmac239-infected rhesus macaques (RMs) (n = 4) via ELISA. (A) Neutrophil elastase and (B) Citrullinated histone 3 levels were measured in plasma by ELISA. In both panels, each RM is represented by a different symbol and color. Baseline (BL) is the average of data collected at weeks 6, 2, and 0 post-SIV infection (p.i.). Inoculation with SIVmac239 at week 0 p.i. is indicated by a purple dashed arrow. Inoculation with P. fragile at week 12 p.i. is indicated by a blue dashed arrow. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) was initiated at week 8 p.i., indicated by the dark-grey bar. Antimalarial treatment occurred throughout week 14 p.i., indicated by the light-grey bar. Statistical significance between all timepoints was calculated using a mixed-effects analysis with the Geisser–Greenhouse correction and a Tukey’s multiple-comparison test, with individual variances computed for each comparison. Significant multiplicity-adjusted p values are shown above horizontal black bars.