Table 4.
Bivariate and multivariate association between caregiver, household, and child demographic characteristics, caregiver’s knowledge, attitude, practice, and awareness factors, and first dose of measles-containing vaccine (MCV1) vaccination status among children aged 12–23 months in Oromia Region, Ethiopia (N = 598).
| Characteristic | N | MCV1 = Yes | Bivariate Regression | Multivariate Regression | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | p-Value | aOR | 95% CI | p-Value | |||
| Settlement | <0.001 | |||||||
| Rural | 299 | 182 | Ref | |||||
| Urban | 299 | 241 | 2.67 | 1.85, 3.88 | ||||
| Caregiver’shighest level of education completed | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| No formal education | 171 | 88 | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Primary | 210 | 149 | 2.30 | 1.51, 3.53 | 2.59 | 1.49, 4.59 | ||
| Secondary | 121 | 101 | 4.76 | 2.75, 8.56 | 3.21 | 1.60, 6.63 | ||
| Tertiary | 96 | 85 | 7.29 | 3.77, 15.3 | 6.83 | 2.89, 17.8 | ||
| Caregiver’s age in years | 0.085 | 0.039 | ||||||
| 18 to 26 years | 330 | 225 | Ref | |||||
| 27 to 80 years | 264 | 197 | 1.37 | 0.96, 1.97 | 1.66 | 1.03, 2.72 | ||
| Number of children under 59 months old living in household | <0.001 | 0.039 | ||||||
| One | 383 | 294 | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Two | 188 | 116 | 0.49 | 0.33, 0.71 | 0.58 | 0.35, 0.96 | ||
| Three or four | 26 | 12 | 0.26 | 0.11, 0.58 | 0.37 | 0.12, 1.11 | ||
| Sex of child | 0.75 | |||||||
| Male | 276 | 197 | Ref | |||||
| Female | 322 | 226 | 0.94 | 0.66, 1.34 | ||||
| Delivery location | <0.001 | |||||||
| Home | 115 | 55 | Ref | |||||
| At HF or on the way to HF | 483 | 368 | 3.99 | 2.29, 5.33 | ||||
| Caregiver believes that child has received all recommended vaccines | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| No/Do not remember | 242 | 108 | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Yes | 355 | 315 | 9.77 | 6.51, 14.9 | 7.80 | 4.88, 12.7 | ||
| Number of vaccination visits child needs | <0.001 | |||||||
| 0–5 visits | 449 | 307 | Ref | Ref | ||||
| 6 visits (correct as per EPI schedule) |
76 | 70 | 5.40 | 2.48, 14.2 | 2.44 | 1.02, 6.87 | 0.045 | |
| Named measles as a VPD | 0.002 | |||||||
| No | 96 | 55 | Ref | |||||
| Yes | 502 | 368 | 2.05 | 1.30, 3.21 | ||||
| Heard of immunization against measles | 0.003 | |||||||
| No | 92 | 53 | Ref | |||||
| Yes | 506 | 370 | 2.00 | 1.26, 3.16 | ||||
| Number of doses of measles vaccine that child is supposed to receive | <0.001 | |||||||
| Never heard of measles vaccine or do not know number of doses |
347 | 224 | Ref | |||||
| Heard of measles vaccine—One dose |
92 | 67 | 1.47 | 0.89, 2.48 | ||||
| Heard of measles vaccine—Two doses |
151 | 126 | 2.77 | 1.73, 4.56 | ||||
| Know of a family or community member who had measles | 0.17 | |||||||
| No | 428 | 296 | Ref | |||||
| Yes | 170 | 127 | 1.32 | 0.89, 1.98 | ||||
| In the household, who makes the decision to immunize the child? | <0.001 | |||||||
| Mother or father only (one parent) | 133 | 73 | Ref | |||||
| Both father and mother | 456 | 345 | 2.55 | 1.71, 3.82 | ||||
| Ever been sent home from health center due to vaccine stockout? | <0.001 | 0.005 | ||||||
| No | 514 | 381 | Ref | |||||
| Yes | 80 | 40 | 0.35 | 0.22, 0.56 | 0.40 | 0.21, 0.76 | ||
| Type of vaccination services available to your child | ||||||||
| Health facility (fixed) | 403 | 299 | Ref | 0.005 | ||||
| Outreach site | 13 | 5 | 0.22 | 0.06, 0.67 | ||||
| Both | 179 | 117 | 0.66 | 0.45, 0.96 | ||||
| Frequency of vaccination availability | 0.008 | |||||||
| Every month | 303 | 223 | Ref | |||||
| Every week | 171 | 127 | 1.04 | 0.68, 1.60 | ||||
| Every day | 56 | 51 | 3.66 | 1.54, 10.8 | ||||
| Walking time to vaccination center | 0.33 | |||||||
| From 1 to 6 h | 39 | 25 | Ref | |||||
| 30 min to 1 h | 85 | 56 | 1.08 | 0.48, 2.38 | ||||
| 30 min or less | 461 | 333 | 1.46 | 0.72, 2.85 | ||||
| How long do you wait at the vaccination center before the child is vaccinated? | ||||||||
| From 1 to 6 h | 129 | 94 | Ref | 0.50 | ||||
| 30 min to 1 h | 145 | 98 | 0.78 | 0.46, 1.30 | ||||
| 30 min or less | 311 | 226 | 0.99 | 0.62, 1.56 | ||||
N: Total number of surveyed children, MCV: Measles-containing vaccine, OR: Odds ratio, aOR: Adjusted odds ratio, CI: Confidence interval, HF: Health facility, EPI: Expanded program on vaccination, VPD: Vaccine-preventable disease. All independent variables with p-value < 0.15 in the bivariate analysis were added to the initial multivariate regression model.