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. 2024 Jul 21;16(7):1173. doi: 10.3390/v16071173

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© 2024 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Humoral immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection. (A) B cell frequencies in PBMCs after SARS-CoV-2 infection. (B) Live SARS-CoV-2 neutralization in serum using a PRMNT assay with Vero TMPRSS2 cells. (B,C) Meso Scale analysis of IgA- (C) and IgG- (D) binding antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor binding domain (RBD), spike glycoprotein 1 and 2 (S1&S2), and spike N-terminal domain (NTD). Linear mixed-effects model was used to determine significance of the interaction of time (dpi) and group (Coinfected vs SARS-CoV-2 only). * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001.