Table 1.
Study characteristics of included studies.
| Variables | Category | Frequency | Percentage |
|---|---|---|---|
| Year of publication | 2022 | 320 | 58.82% |
| 2023 | 224 | 41.18% | |
| Study setting | Web-based | 384 | 70.59% |
| In-person survey | 77 | 14.15% | |
| Hybrid | 45 | 8.27% | |
| Telephone-based survey | 38 | 6.99% | |
| Study design | Cross-sectional survey | 399 | 73.35% |
| Mixed method design | 44 | 8.09% | |
| Qualitative studies | 37 | 6.80% | |
| Longitudinal studies | 42 | 7.72% | |
| Miscellaneous * | 22 | 4.04% | |
| Population | U.S. adults | 176 | 32.35% |
| Ethnic and racial minority populations | 80 | 14.71% | |
| Healthcare workers | 65 | 11.95% | |
| People with specific medical conditions | 53 | 9.74% | |
| U.S. parents | 39 | 7.17% | |
| University population | 25 | 4.60% | |
| Pregnant or postpartum women | 23 | 4.23% | |
| Age-specific studies | 21 | 3.86% | |
| Occupational population | 16 | 2.94% | |
| Unvaccinated U.S. adults | 14 | 2.57% | |
| Military personnel | 11 | 2.02% | |
| Social services populations | 6 | 1.10% | |
| Gender-specific populations | 5 | 0.92% | |
| Inmate population | 3 | 0.55% | |
| People positive for COVID-19 | 3 | 0.55% | |
| Low- and middle-income U.S. adults | 3 | 0.55% | |
| Religious or faith-based populations | 1 | 0.18% | |
| Sample size range | 0–100 | 75 | 13.79% |
| 101–500 | 155 | 28.49% | |
| 501–1000 | 82 | 15.07% | |
| 1001–5000 | 144 | 26.47% | |
| 5001–10,000 | 21 | 3.86% | |
| 10,001–50,000 | 35 | 6.43% | |
| 50,001–100,000 | 10 | 1.84% | |
| >100,000 | 14 | 2.57% | |
| N/A | 8 | 1.47% |
* Observational, ecological, descriptive studies.