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. 2023 Nov 16;104(2):765–834. doi: 10.1152/physrev.00015.2023

FIGURE 4.

FIGURE 4.

The expression and function of phosphodiesterases (PDEs) in the cardiovascular system. The cartoon highlights the expression of individual isoforms in different cardiovascular cells. The colors indicate the positive, negative, or bidirectional roles of PDE isoforms in specific function in the heart and vessels. VSMC, vascular smooth muscle cell.