Table 4.
Stratification of Persistently Favorable Self-Rated Health by Health Behavior and Events (n = 3549)*
| Persistently favorable self-rated health (n = 427) | Others (n = 3122) | Total (n = 3549) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | ||
| Health event | 85 (19.9) | 1084 (34.7) | 1169 (32.9) | <0.001 |
| Hospitalization | 2 (0.5) | 25 (0.8) | 27 (0.8) | 0.460 |
| Life event | ||||
| Violence | 4 (0.9) | 79 (2.5) | 83 (2.3) | 0.041 |
| Divorce | 10 (2.3) | 78 (2.5) | 88 (2.5) | 0.845 |
| Job loss | 9 (2.1) | 56 (1.8) | 65 (1.8) | 0.650 |
| Behavior | ||||
| Alcohol | 0.005 | |||
| Never | 38 (8.9) | 277 (8.9) | 315 (8.9) | |
| Occasionally | 128 (30) | 1141 (36.5) | 1269 (35.8) | |
| Once a week | 61 (14.3) | 342 (11) | 403 (11.4) | |
| 2–3 times per week | 158 (37) | 967 (31) | 1125 (31.7) | |
| Daily | 40 (9.4) | 344 (11) | 384 (10.8) | |
| Several times a day | 2 (0.5) | 51 (1.6) | 53 (1.5) | |
| Smoking | 0.063 | |||
| Never smokers | 254 (59.5) | 1681 (53.8) | 1935 (54.5) | |
| Former smokers | 112 (26.2) | 981 (31.4) | 1093 (30.8) | |
| Current smokers | 61 (14.3) | 460 (14.7) | 521 (14.7) | |
| Exercise | <0.001 | |||
| Never | 71 (16.6) | 770 (24.7) | 841 (23.7) | |
| Occasionally | 77 (18) | 804 (25.8) | 881 (24.8) | |
| Once a week | 101 (23.7) | 714 (22.9) | 815 (23) | |
| 2–3 times a week | 123 (28.8) | 627 (20.1) | 750 (21.1) | |
| 3–4 times a week | 36 (8.4) | 132 (4.2) | 168 (4.7) | |
| Daily | 19 (4.4) | 75 (2.4) | 94 (2.6) | |
| Exercise during pandemic | <0.001 | |||
| Decreased | 14 (3.3) | 277 (8.9) | 291 (8.2) | |
| Slightly decreased | 32 (7.5) | 474 (15.2) | 506 (14.3) | |
| Did not change | 288 (67.4) | 1628 (52.1) | 1916 (54) | |
| Slightly increased | 53 (12.4) | 488 (15.6) | 541 (15.2) | |
| Increased | 40 (9.4) | 255 (8.2) | 295 (8.3) | |
| Healthy diet habits | <0.001 | |||
| No | 0 (0) | 28 (0.9) | 28 (0.8) | |
| Mostly no | 5 (1.2) | 236 (7.6) | 241 (6.8) | |
| Yes | 200 (46.8) | 782 (25) | 982 (27.7) | |
| Mostly yes | 221 (51.8) | 2032 (65.1) | 2253 (63.5) | |
| Do not know | 1 (0.2) | 44 (1.4) | 45 (1.3) | |
| Diet habits during pandemic | <0.001 | |||
| Improved | 26 (6.1) | 159 (5.1) | 185 (5.2) | |
| Slightly improved | 35 (8.2) | 384 (12.3) | 419 (11.8) | |
| Worsened | 1 (0.2) | 37 (1.2) | 38 (1.1) | |
| Slightly worsened | 6 (1.4) | 209 (6.7) | 215 (6.1) | |
| Did not change | 359 (84.1) | 2333 (74.7) | 2692 (75.9) | |
| Screen use | <0.001 | |||
| Never | 8 (1.9) | 8 (0.3) | 16 (0.5) | |
| < 1 h per day | 79 (18.5) | 457 (14.6) | 536 (15.1) | |
| 1 h to < 2 h per day | 159 (37.2) | 1116 (35.7) | 1275 (35.9) | |
| 2 h to < 4 h per day | 143 (33.5) | 1191 (38.1) | 1334 (37.6) | |
| 4 h to < 8 h per day | 25 (5.9) | 277 (8.9) | 302 (8.5) | |
| ≥ 8 h per day | 13 (3) | 73 (2.3) | 86 (2.4) | |
| Screen habits during pandemic | <0.001 | |||
| Increased | 32 (7.5) | 350 (11.2) | 382 (10.8) | |
| Slightly increased | 55 (12.9) | 733 (23.5) | 788 (22.2) | |
| Decreased | 6 (1.4) | 28 (0.9) | 34 (1) | |
| Slightly decreased | 6 (1.4) | 94 (3) | 100 (2.8) | |
| Did not change | 328 (76.8) | 1917 (61.4) | 2245 (63.3) | |
| Sleep time | <0.001 | |||
| < 5 h | 2 (0.5) | 50 (1.6) | 52 (1.5) | |
| 5–6 h | 28 (6.6) | 404 (12.9) | 432 (12.2) | |
| 6–7 h | 135 (31.6) | 1058 (33.9) | 1193 (33.6) | |
| 7–8 h | 209 (48.9) | 1267 (40.6) | 1476 (41.6) | |
| 8–9 h | 50 (11.7) | 303 (9.7) | 353 (9.9) | |
| 9–10 h | 2 (0.5) | 33 (1.1) | 35 (1) | |
| ≥ 10 h | 1 (0.2) | 7 (0.2) | 8 (0.2) | |
| Sleep quality | <0.001 | |||
| Very good | 163 (38.2) | 358 (11.5) | 521 (14.7) | |
| Good | 209 (48.9) | 1939 (62.1) | 2148 (60.5) | |
| Poor | 55 (12.9) | 753 (24.1) | 808 (22.8) | |
| Very poor | 0 (0.0) | 72 (2.3) | 72 (2.0) | |
| Sleep difficulties | <0.001 | |||
| Never | 168 (39.3) | 567 (18.2) | 735 (20.7) | |
| Sometimes | 206 (48.2) | 1744 (55.9) | 1950 (54.9) | |
| Often | 47 (11) | 649 (20.8) | 696 (19.6) | |
| All the time | 6 (1.4) | 162 (5.2) | 168 (4.7) | |
| Sleep habits during pandemic | <0.001 | |||
| Improved | 8( 1.9) | 45 (1.4) | 53 (1.5) | |
| Slightly improved | 7 (1.6) | 111 (3.6) | 118 (3.3) | |
| Worsened | 4 (0.9) | 151 (4.8) | 155 (4.4) | |
| Slightly worsened | 37 (8.7) | 605 (19.4) | 642 (18.1) | |
| Did not change | 371 (86.9) | 2210 (70.8) | 2581 (72.7) | |
| Mental health and social support | ||||
| Isolated | <0.001 | |||
| Never | 352 (82.4) | 1772 (56.8) | 2124 (59.8) | |
| Rarely | 57 (13.3) | 774 (24.8) | 831 (23.4) | |
| Sometimes | 17 (4) | 484 (15.5) | 501 (14.1) | |
| Most of the time | 1 (0.2) | 80 (2.6) | 81 (2.3) | |
| All the time | 0 (0) | 12 (0.4) | 12 (0.3) | |
| Oslo score—interpretation | <0.001 | |||
| ≤ 8: Poor social support | 42 (9.8) | 543 (17.4) | 585 (16.5) | |
| 9–11: Moderate social support | 224 (52.5) | 1871 (59.9) | 2095 (59) | |
| ≥ 12: High social support | 161 (37.7) | 708 (22.7) | 869 (24.5) | |
| WHO score—interpretation | <0.001 | |||
| > 50: Lower risk of depression | 416 (97.4) | 2394 (76.7) | 2810 (79.2) | |
| 29–50: “Screening diagnosis” of depression | 9 (2.1) | 547 (17.5) | 556 (15.7) | |
| ≤ 28: Higher risk of depression | 2 (0.5) | 181 (5.8) | 183 (5.2) | |
*Individuals who answered all three follow-ups and the behavioral questionnaire were included in this analysis. Persistently favorable self-rated health was defined as individuals who reported very good self-rated health at all three follow-ups (2021, 2022, and 2023)