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pH and dissolved oxygen (DO) trends under various bioreactors. The Applikon and Wave reactors had automatic process control of pH and DO (gas sparging). The pH profiles aligned with the viable cell concentration and with the exhaustion and yield of metabolites. DO remains stable >95% throughout the culture duration while matching the oxygen demand for cell growth. The subtle spikes observed in both pH and DO are due to media addition on respective days. Data are shown as mean ± SD.
