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. 2024 Jul 26;21:61. doi: 10.1186/s12987-024-00556-2

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 5 — The axial distribution of tracer over three hours grouped by a change in (a) Location (b) Flush volume (c) Bolus volume (d) Bolus rate (e) Flush rate. The spatial–temporal plots of the average concentration when (a1, a2) injection location is at L4/L5 and L3/L4, respectively (b1, b2) flush volume is 0 ml and 1.5 ml, respectively (c1, c2) bolus volume is 1 ml and 2 ml, respectively (d1, d2) bolus rate is 0.1 ml/min and 1 ml/min, respectively (e1, e2) flush rate is 0.5 ml/min and 1 ml/min, respectively. The dashed lines represent concentration profiles at 1 µM (red), 5 µM (orange), 10 µM (yellow), 30 µM (green), and 40 µM (blue). FV: flush volume, FR: flush rate, BV: bolus volume, BR: bolus rate