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Stage and vat designs according to configuration. (a) Bottom-up configuration: (i) adhesion issue that may occur; (ii) rough surface to promote surface adhesion; (iii) vacuum/suction forces on print and film; and (iv) having an oxygen-permeable film enables a dead zone that promotes print separation. (b) Top-down configuration: (i) inconsistent layer issue that may occur; and (ii) implementation of wiper to create a homogeneous layer.
