Table 1. PICOS framework.

	Inclusion criteria	Exclusion criteria
Population	Adult patients and healthcare staff within an emergency department setting.	Populations outside the scope of emergency department patients and staff. Paediatric patient populations will also be excluded.
Intervention	Implementation of self-service kiosks that act as a digital triage and check-in tool.	Do not specifically address the utilisation of kiosks for patient check-in, information collection, or triage in emergency departments.
Comparator	Interventions will be compared with traditional methods using triage nurses without the addition of a self-service kiosk.	Comparison of self-service kiosks with interventions other than traditional triage methods in emergency departments.
Outcome	Studies reporting quantitative measures assessing the ability of digital kiosks to perform their designated functions, including patient check-in, triage and patient categorisation, without compromising patient safety.Measures for efficacy will include: Workflow Staff workload Triage time Overall operational efficiency Measures for safety and equity will include: Accuracy of triage Adverse events Access and outcomes for diverse patient populations	Studies that primarily focus on digital kiosks outside of these functions and on specific conditions unrelated to the emergency department setting will be excluded.
Study Designs	Quantitative studies and mixed-method studies with a significant quantitative component, including randomised controlled trials (RCTs), case–control studies, cohort studies and cross-sectional studies.	Studies that primarily report qualitative outcomes will be excluded, such as case reports, opinion pieces, trial protocols or interim reports.

PICOPopulation, Intervention, Comparator, Outcome and Study Designs