Table 1.
Baseline clinical and demographic characteristics compared between participants with pre-diabetes mellitus and those with normal blood glucose at baseline
| Characteristic | Total N = 132 |
PWH with pre-DM at baseline n = 44 |
PWH with normal blood glucose at baseline n = 88 |
P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (Years), Median (IQR) | 33 (27.5, 40) | 33.5 (27.5, 40) | 33 (27.5, 40) | 0.902 |
| Sex N (%) | ||||
| Female | 72 (54.5) | 24 (54.5) | 48 (54.5) | |
| Male | 60 (45.5) | 20 (45.5) | 40 (45.5) | 0.573 |
|
Baseline CD4 cell count (cells/mm3), Median (IQR) |
296.5 (160, 523.5) | 281 (208, 507) | 299 (160, 524) | 0.836 |
| Level of education N (%) | ||||
| Uneducated | 1 (0.8) | 0 (0) | 1 (1.1) | |
| Primary | 67 (50.8) | 22 (50) | 45 (51.1) | |
| Secondary | 56 (42.4) | 19 (43.2) | 37 (42) | |
| Tertiary | 8 (6.1) | 3 (6.8) | 5 (5.7) | 0.901 |
| Religion N (%) | ||||
| Christian | 104 (78.8) | 31 (70.5) | 73 (83) | |
| Muslim | 28 (21.2) | 13 (29.5) | 15 (17) | 0.098 |
| Residence N (%) | ||||
| Rural | 10 (7.6) | 3 (6.8) | 7 (8) | |
| Urban | 122 (92.4) | 41 (93.2) | 81 (92) | 0.816 |
| Employment N (%) | ||||
| No | 17 (12.9) | 3 (6.8) | 14 (15.9) | |
| Yes | 115 (87.1) | 41 (93.2) | 74 (84.1) | 0.142 |
| Marital status N (%) | ||||
| Single | 72 (54.5) | 23 (52.3) | 49 (55.7) | |
| Married | 60 (45.5) | 21 (47.7) | 39 (44.3) | 0.711 |
| Tuberculosis status N (%) | ||||
| No symptoms | 111 (84.1) | 38 (86.4) | 73 (83) | |
| TB suspect | 19 (14.4) | 6 (13.6) | 13 (14.8) | |
| TB disease | 2 (1.5) | 0 (0) | 2 (2.3) | 0.587 |
| Baseline blood pressure | ||||
| Normal BP | 91 (68.9) | 29 (65.9) | 62 (70.5) | |
| Pre-hypertension | 26 (19.7) | 9 (20.5) | 17 (19.3) | |
| Hypertension | 15 (11.4) | 6 (13.6) | 9 (10.2) | 0.816 |
| HIV clinical stage | ||||
| Stage 1 | 127 (96.2) | 42 (95.5) | 85 (96.6) | |
| Stage 2 | 2 (1.5) | 1 (2.3) | 1 (1.1) | |
| Stage 3 | 2 (1.5) | 0 (0) | 2 (2.3) | |
| Stage 4 | 1 (0.8) | 1 (2.3) | 0 (0) | 0.474 |
| Body Mass Index (BMI) kg/m2, N (%) | ||||
| Underweight (< 18.5) | 12 (9.1) | 3 (6.8) | 9 (10.2) | |
| Normal (18.5–24.9) | 81 (61.4) | 25 (56.8) | 56 (63.6) | |
| Overweight (25.0-29.9) | 34 (25.8) | 13 (29.5) | 21 (23.9) | |
| Obese (≥ 30) | 5 (3.8) | 3 (6.8) | 2 (2.3) | 0.484 |
| Waist circumference (cm), N (%) | ||||
| Normal | 89 (67.4) | 27 (61.4) | 62 (70.5) | |
|
Increased risk of cardiometabolic complications |
24 (18.2) | 6 (13.6) | 18 (20.5) | |
|
Substantially increased risk of cardiometabolic complications |
19 (14.4) | 11 (25) | 8 (9.1) | 0.044 |
| Smoking status N (%) | ||||
| Smoker | 5 (3.8) | 2 (4.5) | 3 (3.4) | |
| Non-smoker | 127 (96.2) | 42 (95.5) | 85 (96.6) | 0.542 |
| Physical activity N (%) | ||||
| GPAQ < 600 MET minutes | 29 (22) | 13 (29.5) | 16 (18.2) | |
| GPAQ ≥ 600 MET minutes | 103 (78) | 31 (70.5) | 72 (81.8) | 0.137 |
| Alcohol consumption N (%) | ||||
| No consumption | 81 (61.4) | 26 (59.1) | 55 (62.5) | |
| Low risk alcohol consumption | 34 (25.8) | 11 (25) | 23 (26.1) | |
| Hazardous alcohol consumption | 10 (7.6) | 3 (6.8) | 7 (8) | |
| Risk of alcohol dependence | 7 (5.3) | 4 (9.1) | 3 (3.4) | 0.611 |
| 24-week viral load, copies/ml N (%) | ||||
| Virologically suppressed | 130 (99.2) | 43 (100) | 87 (98.9) | |
| Unsuppressed Viral load | 1 (0.8) | 0 (0) | 1 (1.1) | 0.672 |
| Laboratory investigations, Median (IQR) | ||||
| Creatinine (mg/dl) | 0.84 (0.76, 0.97) | 0.87 (0.76, 1.04) | 0.84 (0.76, 0.94) | 0.409 |
| Low Density Lipoproteins (mg/dl) | 77.3 (59.9, 89.3) | 81.8 (65.4, 94.0) | 75.4 (58.0, 88.2) | 0.113 |
| High Density Lipoproteins (mg/dl) | 31.7 (25.5, 40.2) | 30.9 (25.1, 38.3) | 32.9 (27.1, 40.2) | 0.487 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dl) | 133.8 (116.0, 159.3) | 140.0 (120.3, 158.2) | 133.0 (114.5, 159.3) | 0.339 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dl) | 89.5 (66.4, 117.8) | 81.9 (62.0, 133.8) | 90.4 (69.1, 116.9) | 0.571 |
PWH- People with HIV, MET- Metabolic Equivalent of Task, IQR- Interquartile range, GPAQ- Global Physical Activity questionnaire, N = Total number of participants, CD4- Cluster of Differentiation 4