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. 2024 Jul 29;43:211. doi: 10.1186/s13046-024-03119-3

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — Identification of plasticity markers in mouse cSCCs. A Cancer cell populations isolated during mouse cSCC progression based on EpCAM expression: full epithelial (Full epit., GFP⁺CD45⁻EpCAM^high) from WD-SCCs; EpCAM^high (Ep. high, GFP⁺CD45⁻EpCAM^high), EpCAM^low (Ep. low, GFP⁺CD45⁻EpCAM^low) and EpCAM^neg (Ep. neg, GFP⁺CD45⁻EpCAM⁻) from MD/PD-SCCs; and full mesenchymal (Full mes., GFP⁺CD45⁻EpCAM⁻) from PD/S-SCCs. B Euclidean hierarchical clustering of differentially expressed genes (log₂-FC ≥ 1; FDR P < 0.05) between full epithelial (WD-SCCs) and EpCAM⁺ plastic (MD/PD-SCCs) cancer cells (n = 3/group). C Gene set enrichment analysis of EpCAM⁺ plastic vs. full epithelial cancer cells. The color scale represents the normalized enrichment score (NES), and the size of the bubbles the -log₁₀ of the FDR. The signatures selected for this plot belong to Hallmark and Gene Ontology; FDR < 0.05 and NES > 0 for all cell types. D mRNA expression levels (mean ± SD) of plasticity genes in the indicated cancer cells relative to full epithelial cancer cells (n = 3/group). P-value (one-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s test). E Percentage (mean ± SD) of ITGAV⁺, ITGB3⁺, and VCAM1⁺ cancer cells in epithelial (n = 12), mixed (n = 7), and mesenchymal (n = 4) cSCCs. P-value (one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s test). F, G Percentage (mean ± SD) of (F) ITGAV⁺ and (G) ITGB3⁺ cells in the indicated cSCC cancer cells. P-value (one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s test)