Table 1.

Interaction of amino acids with signaling molecules

Signaling Molecules	Description	Amino Acids and Metabolites	Reference
MTOR	mTOR is a central regulator for cell growth, proliferation, and metabolism.	Arginine	[43]
		Methionine	[44]
		Asparagine	[45]
		BCAAs	[46–49]
		Glutamine	[49]
AMPK	AMPK plays a pivotal role in regulating cellular energy balance.	Alanine	[55]
		Aspartate	[56]
		Cysteine	[56]
		BCAAs	[57]
		Glutamine	[58]
MYC	The oncogene MYC regulates the expression of multiple key metabolic enzymes.	Glutamine	[60–62]
		Arginine	[63]
		Serine	[67]
		Glycine	[67]
		Polyamine	[64–66]
AHR	AHR is a ligand-activated transcription factor that regulates numerous critical cellular functions.	Tryptophan	[70–72]
		Kynurenine	[73, 74]
KRAS	KRAS is the best-known oncogene with the highest mutation rate among all cancers.	polyamine	[65, 66]
P53	The tumor suppressor p53 halts the cell cycle and cellular repair or induces apoptosis.	Serine	[68, 69]
Wnt/β-Catenin	The Wnt signaling pathway is a highly conserved pathway throughout species evolution, playing a critical role in physiological processes such as organ formation and tissue regeneration.	GABA	[75]
NORTCH	The Notch signaling pathway influences cell differentiation, apoptosis, and proliferation.	Glutamine	[76]
EGFR	EGFR is a receptor for epidermal growth factor, linked to tumor cell proliferation, angiogenesis, tumor invasion, metastasis, and inhibition of apoptosis.	Glutamine	[77, 78]

BCAA Branched chain amino acid, GABA γ-aminobutyric acid