Table 5.
Previously reported clinical studies of curcumin formulations in dementia and Alzheimer's disease.
| Study material and references | No. of subjects | Study design | Population | Dosage, curcumin content and study duration | Results | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Placebo | Treated | |||||||
| Non-clinical parameters | Clinical parameters | Non-clinical parameters | Clinical parameters | |||||
| Curcumin (Baum et al., 2008) | N−27 P−8 T1−8 T2−11 | DB PC RCT PGD | Alzheimer patients | 1,000 mg/day 4,000 mg/day 6 months | MMSE−8.44% ↑ | Aβ40−13.33% ↓ Isoprostanes—no significant change | Results of 4,000 mg given in brackets MMSE−3.89 % ↓ (4.48 % ↑) | Results of 1,000 mg not provided in the article Aβ40−25% ↑ Isoprostanes—no significant change |
| Longvida® (Cox et al., 2015) | N−60 P−30 T−30 | DB PC RCT PGD | Healthy elderly | 400 mg/day 1 month | Computerized Mental Performance Assessment System-3%↑ | Nil | Computerized Mental Performance Assessment System-17%↑ | Nil |
| Longvida® (Cox et al., 2020) | N−89 P−43 T−46 | DB PC RCT PGD | Healthy elderly | 400 mg/day 3 months | PSS−0.06% ↓ GHQ−0.13% ↑ PSQI−0.49% ↑ | BDNF−1.75% ↓ Aβ42−4.17% ↓ IL-6−2.2% ↑ TNFα−6.21% ↓ | PSS−3.41% ↑ GHQ−1.06% ↓ PSQI−5.48% ↑ | BDNF−3.38% ↓ Aβ42−3.15% ↑ IL-6−5.32% ↓ TNFα−5% ↓ |
| Longvida® (Disilvestro et al., 2012) | N−38 P−19 T−19 | PC RCT | Healthy middle- aged | 400 mg/day 1 month | Nil | Plasma β-amyloid protein concentration- 4.54% ↓ | Nil | Plasma β-amyloid protein concentration- 7.41% ↓ |
| Curcumin C3 complex (Ringman et al., 2012) | N−30 P−10 T1−10 T2−10 | DB PC RCT PGD | Mild to moderate AD | 2,000 mg/day 6 months 4,000 mg/day 12 months | MMSE−2.15% ↓ ADAS-Cog−12.08% ↑ NPI−21.17% ↑ ADCS-ADL−9.14% ↓ | Aβ42−9.4% ↑ Aβ40−5.89 % ↓ Tau−3.42% ↑ | MMSE−8.41 (12.71) % ↓ ADAS-Cog−30.14 (16.06) % ↑ NPI−23.59 ↑ (41.02 ↓) % ADCS-ADL−11.94 (7.86) % ↓Results of 4,000 mg for 12 months given in brackets | Aβ42−0 (3.04) % ↑ Aβ40−5.55 (2.44) % ↓ Tau−0.1 (2.26) % ↑Results of 4,000 mg for 12 months given in brackets |
| Longvida® (Scholey et al., 2019) | N−8 | DB PC PGD | Healthy elderly | 400 mg/day 3 months | Learning probe−47 % ↑ Fatigue inertia−2.5 % ↑ | Nil | Learning probe−53 % ↑ Fatigue inertia−2.1 % ↓ | Nil |
| Theracurmin™ (Small et al., 2018) | N−40 P−19 T−21 | DB PC RCT PGD | Non-demented elderly | 2,000 mg/day 18 months | PET Scan—↑ FDDNP binding | Nil | PET Scan-no significant change in FDDNP binding | Nil |
| Biocurcumax™ (Rainey-Smith et al., 2016) | N−160 P−80 T−80 | DB PC RCT | Healthy elderly | 1,500 mg/day 12 months | SF-36 Physical−5.65% ↓ Mental−2.71% ↓ DASS Depression−15.8% ↓ Anxiety−0.3% ↓ Stress−7.17% ↓ PRMQ−7.67% ↓ | Nil | SF-36 Physical−2.31% ↓ Mental−1.56% ↓ DASS Depression−17.88% ↓ Anxiety−16.19% ↓ Stress−9.39% ↓ PRMQ−3.53% ↓ | Nil |
| Theracurmin™ (Wynn et al., 2018) | N−36 P−19 T−17 | DB PC RCT | Schizophrenia patients | 360 mg/day 2 months | Nil | BDNF- 23.34% ↓ | Nil | BDNF−22.07% ↑ |
| Current study CGM-curcumin (CurQfen®) and Unformulated Standard curcumin (USC) | N−48 P−11 T1−14 T2−13 | DB PC PGD RCT | Moderate dementia | 400 mg/day 6 months | MMSE−14.17% ↓ GLFS-25−6.79% ↑ | BDNF−5.21% ↓ Tau−17.83% ↑ Aβ42−11.16% ↑ IL-6−30.16% ↑ TNF-α−20.58% ↑ | Results of the USC group provided in brackets MMSE−19.76 (2.92) % ↑ GLFS-25−25.17 (2.82) % ↓ | Results of the USC group provided in brackets BDNF−7.15 (3.7) % ↑ Tau−5.4 (0.79) % ↓ Aβ42−13.16 (2.68) % ↓ IL-6−54.12 (15.11) % ↓ TNF-α−55 (16.33) % ↓ |
RCT, Randomized clinical trial; OP, open label; DB, double-blind; AC, active-controlled; PC, placebo-controlled; PGD, parallel group design; N, number of subject; P, placebo; T, treated; PRMQ, prospective and retrospective memory questionnaire; DASS, Depression Anxiety Stress Scale; CFS, chalder fatigue scale; GHQ, general health questionnaire; PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; ADAS Cog, Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive Subscale, NPI, Neuropsychiatric Inventory, ADCS-ADL, Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study-Activities of Daily Living.