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Typical results from flexural experiments: snapshot of deflected rays at three levels of imposed deflection δ for (a) rays with no core (coreless) and (b) rays with rubber ligament cores (130 ligaments m–1); (c) comparison of profiles (elastica); (d) comparison of transverse force–displacement (P–δ) curves for coreless fin ray (black) and ray with rubber ligamentous core region (blue).
