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. 2024 Jun 7;14(3):20230072. doi: 10.1098/rsfs.2023.0072

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© 2024 The Authors.

Published by the Royal Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, which permits unrestricted use, provided the original author and source are credited.

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Nonlinear FE model: (a) Mesh with nonlinear corotational beam element: stiff blue elements for the hemitrich and softer red elements for the ligaments — Nonlinear FE model: (a) Mesh with nonlinear corotational beam element: stiff blue elements for the hemitrich and softer red elements for the ligaments; boundary conditions and typical deformed shapes for (b) morphing and (c) flexural loading.