TABLE 1.
Epigenetic alterations in cancer stem cell (CSC) initiation.
| Epigenetic enzymes/LncRNAs | Cancers | Modifications | Functions | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Methylases | ||||
| PRMT1 | Leukemia | Upregulation | CSC initiation | Chi et al. (2010) |
| SMYD3 | Gastric cancer | Upregulation | Self renewal, stemness | Wang et al. (2018) |
| Demethylases | ||||
| KDM1A | Prostate and breast cancer, leukemia | Overexpression | CSC initiation | Lim et al. (2010), Crea et al. (2012), Vu et al. (2013) |
| KDM1B | Glioblastoma | Overexpression | CSC initiation | Hu et al. (2016) |
| KDM3A | Colorectal cancer | mRNA stabilization | Wnt/β-catenin pathway upregulation | Wang et al. (2019) |
| Acetylases | ||||
| CBP/p300 | Leukemia | c-Myb-CBP/p300 interaction | AML1-ETO and MLL fusion-protein upregulation | Pattabiraman et al. (2014) |
| MOZ | Leukemia | MOZ/TIF2 fusion protein | CSC initiation | Aikawa et al. (2010) |
| Deacetylases | ||||
| HDAC3 | Hepatocellular carcinoma | Overexpression | Self renewal, stemness | Liu et al. (2013) |
| SIRT-1 | Colorectal and neuronal cancer | Overexpression | Self renewal, stemness | Chen et al. (2014), Lee et al. (2015a) |
| Chromatin remodellers | ||||
| PRC1 | Prostate cancer | Overexpression | Senescence inhibition | Yap et al. (2010) |
| PRC2 | Hematopoietic cancer | Downregulation | CSC initiation | Beerman and Rossi, (2015) |
| DNA methyltransferases | ||||
| DNMT1 | Breast cancer | Downregulation | CSC initiation | Pathania et al. (2015) |
| DNMT3A | Leukemia, myelofibrosis | Downregulation | CSC initiation | Mayle et al. (2015) |
| DNMT3B | Squamocellular carcinoma | Downregulation | CSC initiation | Rinaldi et al. (2017) |
| DNA demethylases | ||||
| TET1 | Non-Hodgking B cell lymphoma | Detection | 5-hydroxymethylcytosine loss and DNA hypermethylation | Cimmino et al. (2015) |
| TET2 | Leukemia | Downregulation | Stem cell hypermutagenicity | Pan et al. (2017) |
| Long non coding RNAs | ||||
| HOTAIR | Breast cancer | Overexpression | Self renewal, stemness, CSC initiation | Deng et al. (2017) |
| HOTTIP | Pancreatic cancer | Overexpression | Self renewal, stemness | Melendez-Zajgla and Maldonado, (2021) |
| LnchPVT1 | Hepatocellular carcinoma | Upregulation | Self renewal, stemness, CSC initiation | Wang et al. (2014) |
| Linc00617 | Breast cancer | Upregulation | Self renewal, stemness, CSC initiation | Li et al. (2017) |
| MALAT-1 | Hepatocellular carcinoma, pancreatic cancer | Upregulation | Self renewal, stemness, CSC initiation | Wang et al. (2015), Zeng et al. (2018) |
| RNA methyl transferases | ||||
| METTL3 | Glioblastoma | ncRNA m6A-modification | CSC initiation | Cui et al. (2017) |
| METTL14 | Glioblastoma | ncRNA m6A-modification | Self renewal, stemness, CSC initiation | Cui et al. (2017) |