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. 2021 Nov 16;1:777088. doi: 10.3389/fmmed.2021.777088

FIGURE 2.

FIGURE 2

Acid-Base loading/extruding transport proteins that maintain pH homeostasis and membrane potentials. V-type ATPase transport protons across all kinds of membranes, sodium and chloride transport are often coupled with bicarbonate or protons. The mitochondria and ER have increased calcium transporters to execute their functions.