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. 2023 Dec 13;131(1):106–123. doi: 10.1152/jn.00086.2023

Figure 1.

Figure 1.

A: lateral view of the macaque monkey brain showing the location of cortical fields in motor, somatosensory, and posterior parietal cortex (delineated by green dashed lines) relative to major sulci (solid black lines). In this view, the intraparietal sulcus (IPS) has been opened. The divisions of posterior parietal cortex are derived from a number of studies (8, 9, 28, 44, 45). However, the nomenclature, function, and relative location of areas in the PPC often differs between laboratories. B–F: experimental set-up and cooling chip placement. B: schematic of the brain with two cooling chips placed in M1, and a stimulating electrode in parietal cortex. C: expansion of the box in B showing stimulation of the forelimb movement representation (green) in parietal cortex. Stimulation of the forelimb representation in area 2 while cooling the M1 forelimb representation would be a test of homotopic functional interactions; stimulation in the same location in area 2 during cooling of the face representation in M1 would be a test of heterotopic functional interactions. D: photograph of cooling chips in Monkey 15-57, schematized in B and C, imaged from a different aspect (medial is right and rostral is to the top). Blue dental acrylic connects each cooling chip to a wire secured to a micromanipulator. E: cooling chip from monkey 14-132 viewed from above. In this image, medial (M) is to the top, and rostral (R) is to the left. The schematics to the right show coolant flow through the light blue tubing and the dimensions of the cooling chamber (darker blue, “cooling footprint”). F: rostral view of the cooling chip shown in E during a cooling epoch. Black wires in D–F are 44-gauge microthermocouples measuring temperature at the interface between the cooling chip and the brain. This thermal feedback was used to regulate and maintain temperature by adjusting coolant flow. AIP, anterior intraparietal area; ARC, arcuate sulcus; CS, central sulcus; IPS, intraparietal sulcus; LIP, lateral intraparietal area; LS, lateral sulcus; LUN, lunate sulcus; M1, primary motor cortex; MIP, medial intraparietal area; PCD, postcentral dimple; PF, rostral inferior parietal lobule; PFG, medial inferior parietal lobule; PG, caudal inferior parietal lobule; PMd, dorsal premotor cortex; PMv, ventral premotor cortex; PS, principal sulcus; STS, superior temporal sulcus; VIP, ventral intraparietal area.