Table 1.
Distribution of sociodemographic, behavioural, psychological, and anthropometric parameters in participants exposed and not exposed to academic stress.
| Academic stress |
|||
|---|---|---|---|
| Not exposed | Exposed | P value | |
| Sex | No. (%) | No. (%) | |
| Female | 7 (87.50) | 3 (50.00) | .12* |
| Male | 1 (12.50) | 3 (50.00) | |
| Smoking | |||
| Yes | 3 (37.50) | 5 (83.33) | .39* |
| No | 5 (62.50) | 1 (16.67) | |
| BMI | |||
| Underweight | 1 (12.50) | 0 (0.00) | .42* |
| Normal | 6 (75.00) | 6 (100.00) | |
| Overweight | 1 (12.50) | 0 (0.00) | |
| Physical excercise | |||
| Yes | 4 (50.00) | 5 (83.33) | .21* |
| No | 4 (50.00) | 1 (16.67) | |
| Alcohol consumption | |||
| Never | 4 (50.00) | 4 (66.67) | .53* |
| Rarely | 4 (50.00) | 2 (33.33) | |
| Fish consumption | |||
| Rarely | 4 (50.00) | 3 (50.00) | 1.00* |
| Several times a week | 4 (50.00) | 3 (50.00) | |
| Fruit and vegetable consumption | |||
| Every day | 5 (62.50) | 2 (33.33) | .28* |
| Several times a day | 3 (37.50) | 4 (66.67) | |
| Spinach consumption | |||
| Never/rarely | 6 (75.00) | 3 (50.00) | .33* |
| Several times a week | 2 (25.00) | 3 (50.00) | |
| Coffee consumption | |||
| Never | 1 (12.50) | 0 (0.00) | .10* |
| Rarely | 0 (0.00) | 1 (16.67) | |
| Several times a week | 3 (37.50) | 1 (16.67) | |
| Every day | 1 (12.50) | 2 (33.33) | |
| Several times a day | 3 (37.50) | 0 (0.00) | |
| Consumption of high-magnesium food | .63* | ||
| Rarely | 4 (50.00) | 2 (33.33) | |
| Several times a week | 3 (37.50) | 2 (33.33) | |
| Every day | 1 (12.50) | 2 (33.33) | |
| Turmeric | .72* | ||
| Yes | 1 (12.50) | 1 (12.50) | |
| No | 7 (87.50) | 4 (66.67) | |
| Saffron | 1.00* | ||
| Yes | 4 (50.00) | 3 (50.00) | |
| No | 4 (50.00) | 3 (50.00) | |
| Ginger | |||
| Yes | 7 (87.50) | 5 (83.33) | .825* |
| No | 1 (12.50) | 1 (16.67) | |
| FMPS | |||
| 0%–20% | 8 (100.00) | 1 (16.67) | .001* |
| 50%–100% | 0 (0.00) | 5 (83.33) | |
| FMBS | |||
| 0%–20% | 8 (100.00) | 1 (16.67) | .001* |
| 50%–100% | 0 (0.00) | 5 (83.33) | |
| GI | |||
| Normal | 8 (100.00) | 2 (33.33) | .024* |
| Mild inflammation | 0 (0.00) | 3 (21.43) | |
| Moderate inflammation | 0 (0.00) | 1 (16.67) | |
| Mean (SEM) | Mean (SEM) | ||
| PSS-10 score | 21.50 (1.09) | 21.83 (1.49) | .86† |
| VAS | 3.50 (0.78) | 6.00 (0.68) | .04† |
| Salivary cortisol | |||
| At awakening | 27.31 (14.16) | 68.61 (9.09) | .02† |
| 15 min after awakening | 52.92 (17.39) | 87.59 (21.78) | .12† |
| 30 min after awakening | 31.02 (10.84) | 113.29 (38.17) | .04† |
| Bacterial count | |||
| Total bacterial count | 1.66E+04 (1.20E+04) | 1.67E+08 (1.67E+08) | .76† |
| Prevotella intermedia | 287.50 (156.34) | 1700.00 (1660.12) | .83† |
| Veillonella dispar | 165.14 (120.42) | 1.67E+05 (1.67E+05) | .35† |
| NO (µmol/L) | 61.41 (17.35) | 57.07 (16.57) | .86† |
| pH | 6.38 (0.18) | 6.50 (0.22) | .67† |
⁎
Chi-square test.
†
Student t test.
BMI, body mass index; FMBS, Full Mouth Bleeding Score; FMPS, Full Mouth Plaque Score; GI, gingival index; NO, nitric oxide; PSS-10, Perceived Stress Scale Questionnaire; VAS, Visual Analogue Scale