Table 1.
Baseline patient characteristics.
| Variable | All patients (n = 206) | PVS at discharge | P‐value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1, n = 52 | Q2, n = 51 | Q3, n = 51 | Q4, n = 52 | |||
| PVS < −1.4% | −1.4% ≤ PVS < 8.5% | 8.5% ≤ PVS < 18.2% | 18.2% ≤ PVS | |||
| Age, years | 74.9 ± 12.9 | 66.8 ± 15.0 | 74.9 ± 14.1 | 79.3 ± 8.2 | 74.9 ± 12.9 | <0.001 |
| Male, n (%) | 133 (64.6) | 37 (70.2) | 29 (56.9) | 33 (64.7) | 34 (65.4) | 0.508 |
| Body weight at discharge, kg | 55.8 ± 13.8 | 68.6 ± 13.8 | 55.9 ± 9.5 | 53.7 ± 10.6 | 45.0 ± 9.0 | <0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 23.9 ± 5.0 | 26.6 ± 5.9 | 24.3 ± 4.9 | 23.2 ± 3.0 | 20.4 ± 2.9 | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 155.8 ± 39.1 | 164.7 ± 40.5 | 153.8 ± 44.5 | 154.3 ± 35.2 | 150.4 ± 35.6 | 0.284 |
| Reduced LVEF (<40%), n (%) | 127 (61.7) | 37 (71.2) | 31 (60.8) | 31 (60.8) | 28 (53.8) | 0.340 |
| CICU stay length, days | 7.1 ± 5.8 | 6.9 ± 4.9 | 7.7 ± 4.6 | 6.6 ± 5.3 | 7.4 ± 7.9 | 0.692 |
| Hospital stay length, days | 29.9 ± 33.5 | 32.2 ± 53.7 | 26.0 ± 14.8 | 29.1 ± 19.6 | 32.2 ± 32.0 | 0.523 |
| Aetiology of heart failure, n (%) | ||||||
| Ischaemic heart disease | 81 (39.3) | 15 (28.8) | 22 (43.1) | 26 (51.0) | 18 (34.6) | 0.108 |
| Hypertensive heart disease | 40 (19.4) | 16 (30.8) | 3 (5.9) | 9 (17.6) | 12 (23.1) | 0.012 |
| Valvular heart disease | 32 (15.5) | 3 (5.8) | 12 (23.5) | 6 (11.8) | 11 (21.2) | 0.044 |
| TIC | 20 (9.7) | 10 (19.2) | 6 (11.8) | 2 (3.9) | 2 (3.8) | 0.022 |
| Dilated cardiomyopathy | 23 (11.2) | 8 (15.4) | 5 (9.8) | 6 (11.8) | 4 (7.7) | 0.664 |
| Others | 10 (4.9) | 0 (0) | 3 (5.9) | 2 (3.9) | 5 (9.6) | 0.145 |
| Medical history, n (%) | ||||||
| Heart failure | 57 (27.7) | 5 (9.6) | 12 (23.5) | 20 (39.2) | 20 (38.5) | 0.002 |
| Cerebrocardiovascular disease | 76 (36.9) | 2 (3.8) | 7 (13.7) | 6 (11.8) | 8 (15.4) | 0.251 |
| Hypertension | 160 (77.7) | 32 (61.5) | 30 (58.8) | 28 (54.9) | 31 (59.6) | 0.072 |
| Dyslipidaemia | 121 (58.7) | 32 (61.5) | 30 (58.8) | 28 (54.9) | 31 (59.6) | 0.962 |
| Diabetes | 93 (45.1) | 17 (32.7) | 26 (51.0) | 29 (56.9) | 21 (40.4) | 0.051 |
| Medical therapy, n (%) | ||||||
| Beta‐blocker | 80 (38.8) | 12 (23.1) | 21 (41.2) | 26 (51.0) | 21 (40.4) | 0.032 |
| Diuretic | 74 (35.9) | 16 (30.8) | 18 (35.3) | 24 (47.1) | 16 (30.8) | 0.289 |
| ACE‐I/ARB | 84 (40.8) | 17 (32.7) | 21 (41.2) | 27 (52.9) | 19 (36.5) | 0.206 |
| Blood parameters at discharge | ||||||
| Haemoglobin, g/dL | 12.1 ± 2.1 | 14.5 ± 1.5 | 12.4 ± 1.4 | 11.1 ± 1.2 | 10.3 ± 1.1 | <0.001 |
| Haematocrit, % | 36.9 ± 5.8 | 43.6 ± 4.1 | 37.9 ± 3.7 | 34.3 ± 3.5 | 31.5 ± 3.0 | <0.001 |
| Albumin, g/dL | 3.4 ± 0.5 | 3.6 ± 0.4 | 3.5 ± 0.5 | 3.3 ± 0.4 | 3.2 ± 0.5 | <0.001 |
| BUN, mg/dL | 23.5 ± 12.9 | 20.0 ± 9.3 | 24.8 ± 14.9 | 26.6 ± 10.7 | 24.3 ± 14.8 | 0.104 |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 1.13 ± 0.8 | 1.11 ± 0.6 | 1.11 ± 0.7 | 1.15 ± 0.5 | 1.26 ± 1.1 | 0.382 |
| Log NT‐proBNP, pg/mL | 3.26 ± 0.55 | 2.87 ± 0.56 | 3.33 ± 0.49 | 3.42 ± 0.48 | 3.42 ± 0.50 | <0.001 |
| Echocardiographic findings | ||||||
| LVEF, % | 36.6 ± 16.1 | 31.9 ± 14.4 | 34.2 ± 13.6 | 38.7 ± 15.8 | 41.4 ± 19.9 | 0.012 |
Note: Continuous data are presented as mean ± standard deviation.
Abbreviations: ACE‐I, angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; BMI, body mass index; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; CICU, cardiovascular intensive care unit; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; NT‐proBNP, N‐terminal pro‐brain natriuretic peptide; PVS, plasma volume status; Q1, Quartile 1; Q2, Quartile 2; Q3, Quartile 3; Q4, Quartile 4; TIC, tachycardia‐induced cardiomyopathy.