Table 3. Demographic and Behavioral Differences Associated With Probable PTSD Diagnosis at Wave 2.
| Characteristic | Probable PTSD diagnosis | Total PTSD symptom severity | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. of participants (%)a | OR (95% CI) | P valueb | β (95% CI) | P valueb | ||
| Control (n = 739) | PTSD (n = 125) | |||||
| Age, mean (SD), y | 49.5 (12.5) | 47.3 (11.4) | 0.99 (0.97 to 1.00) | .07 | −0.08 (−0.18 to 0.01) | .09 |
| Race | ||||||
| American Indian | 12 (1.6) | 7 (5.6) | 5.32 (1.90 to 13.90) | <.001 | 13.08 (4.97 to 21.18) | .002 |
| Black | 264 (35.7) | 64 (51.2) | 2.21 (1.48 to 3.33) | <.001 | 7.10 (4.62 to 9.58) | <.001 |
| White | 438 (59.3) | 48 (38.4) | 1 [Reference] | NA | 1 [Reference] | NA |
| Otherc | 25 (3.4) | 5 (4.0) | 1.82 (0.59 to 4.63) | .24 | 6.32 (−0.20 to 12.84) | .06 |
| Education | ||||||
| Less than high school | 75 (10.1) | 32 (25.6) | 2.63 (1.61 to 4.24) | <.001 | 8.49 (4.80 to 12.18) | <.001 |
| High school graduate | 431 (58.3) | 70 (56.0) | 1 [Reference] | NA | 1 [Reference] | NA |
| College or higher | 231 (31.3) | 23 (18.4) | 0.61 (0.37 to 0.99) | .054 | −4.46 (−7.13 to −1.80) | .001 |
| Employment | ||||||
| Unemployed | 307 (41.5) | 75 (60.0) | 1 [Reference] | NA | 1 [Reference] | NA |
| Full time | 330 (44.7) | 32 (25.6) | 0.40 (0.25 to 0.61) | <.001 | −7.69 (−10.24 to −5.14) | <.001 |
| Part time | 99 (13.4) | 18 (14.4) | 0.74 (0.41 to 1.28) | .30 | −2.16 (−5.83 to 1.51) | .25 |
| Marital status | ||||||
| Married or living with partner | 448 (60.6) | 56 (44.8) | 1 [Reference] | NA | 1 [Reference] | NA |
| Single | 288 (39.0) | 69 (55.2) | 1.92 (1.31 to 2.82) | <.001 | 6.22 (3.80 to 8.64) | <.001 |
| Household size, mean (SD), members | 3.1 (1.5) | 3.1 (1.5) | 1.01 (0.89 to 1.15) | .87 | 0.19 (−0.63 to 1.01) | .65 |
| Household income, $ | ||||||
| <20 000 | 215 (29.1) | 60 (48.0) | 1 [Reference] | NA | 1 [Reference] | NA |
| 20 001-50 000 | 204 (27.6) | 45 (36.0) | 0.79 (0.51 to 1.21) | .29 | −4.69 (−7.64 to −1.75) | .002 |
| 50 001-80 000 | 138 (18.7) | 8 (6.4) | 0.21 (0.09 to 0.42) | <.001 | −11.37 (−14.82 to −7.92) | <.001 |
| >80 001 | 165 (22.3) | 10 (8.0) | 0.22 (0.10 to 0.42) | <.001 | −14.22 (−17.48 to −10.97) | <.001 |
| Lifetime smoking status | ||||||
| No | 479 (65.0) | 73 (58.5) | 1 [Reference] | NA | 1 [Reference] | NA |
| Yes | 259 (35.0) | 52 (41.5) | 1.32 (0.89 to 1.93) | .16 | 2.45 (−0.05 to 4.96) | .055 |
| Trauma exposure, mean (SD), events | 6.3 (3.2) | 8.0 (4.0) | 1.14 (1.08 to 1.20) | <.001 | 1.37 (1.03 to 1.71) | <.001 |
| BMI, mean (SD) | 32.6 (8.7) | 33.9 (9.5) | 1.02 (0.99 to 1.04) | .13 | 0.19 (0.05 to 0.32) | .007 |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared); NA, not applicable; OR, odds ratio; PTSD, posttraumatic stress disorder.
a
Missing observations were 1 for race, 2 for education, 3 for employment, 3 for marital status, 19 for household income, and 1 for lifetime smoking status.
b
The P values were calculated from bivariate logistic regressions for comparing the control and probable PTSD groups.
c
The other category included Asian or Pacific Islander, multiracial, do not know, or refused.