Table 4. Multivariable Association of Age Acceleration and Both Probable PTSD Diagnosis and Symptom Severity.

Characteristic and modelb	GrimAge accelerationa		PhenoAge acceleration		Pace of aging
	β (95% CI)	P value	β (95% CI)	P value	β (95% CI)	P value
Probable PTSD diagnosis
1	0.07 (0.03 to 0.10)	<.001	0.04 (0.01 to 0.06)	.004	2.43 (1.04 to 3.82)	<.001
2	0.06 (0.01 to 0.10)	.009	0.03 (0.01 to 0.06)	.01	1.71 (0.25 to 3.18)	.02
3	0.06 (0.01 to 0.10)	.009	0.03 (0.01 to 0.06)	.02	1.34 (−0.19 to 2.86)	.08
4	0.06 (0.01 to 0.10)	.009	0.03 (0.00 to 0.06)	.02	1.24 (−0.37 to 2.85)	.13
5	0.04 (0.00 to 0.09)	.06	0.03 (0.00 to 0.06)	.02	0.53 (−1.11 to 2.19)	.52
PTSD symptoms
1	0.69 (0.39 to 0.98)	<.001	0.24 (0.08 to 0.41)	<.001	24.68 (16.0 to 33.30)	<.001
2	0.56 (0.29 to 0.83)	<.001	0.21 (0.03 to 0.35)	.008	18.43 (9.46 to 27.40)	<.001
3	0.56 (0.29 to 0.83)	<.001	0.19 (0.03 to 0.35)	.02	15.67 (6.40 to 24.90)	<.001
4	0.55 (0.28 to 0.82)	<.001	0.17 (0.01 to 0.33)	.03	14.24 (4.35 to 24.12)	.005
5	0.38 (0.11 to 0.65)	.006	0.15 (0.00 to 0.31)	.06	7.66 (−2.24 to 17.66)	.13

Abbreviation: PTSD, posttraumatic stress disorder.

^a GrimAge incorporates a methylation-based estimate of smoking pack-years. Therefore, self-reported smoking is not controlled for in this clock’s models.

^b Model 1 was estimated with no covariates. Model 2 controls for race. Model 3 controls for race and smoking. Model 4 controls for race, smoking, and body mass index. Model 5 controls for race, smoking, body mass index, and income.