Table 1. Descriptive Statistics of Study Variables.
| Variable | Full DNA assay sample (N = 1971) | |
|---|---|---|
| No. with data (% missing) | Mean (SD) or No. (%)a | |
| Adverse exposures | ||
| PA at age 3 y | 1585 (19.6) | 9.31 (12.51) |
| PA at age 5 y | 1535 (22.1) | 7.24 (11.04) |
| EA at age 3 y | 1586 (19.5) | 25.58 (20.29) |
| EA at age 5 y | 1536 (22.1) | 26.64 (20.51) |
| PN at age 3 y | 1586 (19.5) | 0.28 (2.94) |
| PN at age 5 y | 1531 (22.3) | 0.21 (1.59) |
| EN at age 3 y | 1586 (19.5) | 0.32 (1.89) |
| EN at age 5 y | 1531 (22.3) | 0.27 (1.61) |
| Other ACEs at age 3 yb | 1521 (22.8) | 1.00 (0.90) |
| Other ACEs at age 5 yb | 1837 (6.8) | 1.02 (0.85) |
| Child characteristics | ||
| Internalizing behavior | 1784 (9.5) | 0.33 (0.21) |
| Externalizing behavior | 1613 (18.2) | 0.52 (0.27) |
| Child sex, No. % | ||
| Male | 1971 (0) | 992 (50.3) |
| Female | 979 (49.7) | |
| Race and ethnicity, No. % | ||
| Black, non-Hispanic | 1971 (0) | 889 (45.1) |
| Hispanic | 425 (21.6) | |
| Multiracialc | 281 (14.3) | |
| White, non-Hispanic | 344 (17.5) | |
| Otherd | 32 (1.6) | |
| Parent and family characteristics | ||
| Mother’s age, y | 1970 (0.1) | 25.29 (5.98) |
| Prenatal smoking, No. % | 1968 (0.2) | 376 (19.1) |
| Educational level, No. % | ||
| Less than high school | 1967 (0.2) | 616 (31.3) |
| High school degree or GED | 607 (30.9) | |
| Some college or technical school | 520 (26.4) | |
| College degree or higher | 224 (11.4) | |
| Mother’s relationship to child’s father, No. % | ||
| Single | 1971 (0) | 770 (39.1) |
| Cohabitating | 715 (36.3) | |
| Married | 486 (24.7) | |
| Poverty-to-income ratio | 1971 (0) | 2.34 (2.49) |
Abbreviations: ACEs, adverse childhood events; EA, emotional aggression; EN, emotional neglect; GED, general educational development; PA, physical assault; PN, physical neglect.
a
Mean (SD) for continuous variables; No. (%) for categorical variables.
b
Other ACEs reflects the count of ACEs excluding maltreatment.
c
Multiracial includes children whose parents reported more than 1 race or ethnicity.
d
Other includes American Indian, Asian, and Pacific Islander as reported by the Future of Families and Child Wellbeing Study due to small sample size.