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. 2024 Jul 29;7(7):e2421841. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.21841

Table 2. Independent and Additive Associations of Stress at 11 Years of Age and Childhood Parental SES With Insulin Resistance at 40 Years of Age From 336 Observations.

Factor Covariate model SES model Combined model
Standardized β coefficient (95% CI)a P value Standardized β coefficient (95% CI)b P value Standardized β coefficient (95% CI)c P value ηp2 Effect size
Intercept −0.28 (−0.43 to −0.131) .54 −0.06 (−0.32 to 0.20) .53 −0.03 (−0.29 to 0.23) .55 NA
Age −0.01 (−0.11 to 0.091) .85 −0.004 (−0.11 to 0.10) .94 −0.02 (−0.12 to 0.08) .73 .00003
Diabetesd 0.87 (0.54 to 1.201) <.001 0.86 (0.54 to 1.19) <.001 0.79 (0.47 to 1.12) <.001 .09
Current smokerd 0.05 (−0.22 to 0.31) .73 0.01 (−0.26 to 0.28) .97 −0.02 (−0.29 to 0.25) .89 .001
Racee 0.36 (0.16 to 0.57) .001 0.31 (0.10 to 0.52) .004 0.32 (0.11 to 0.53) .003 .04
Parental educational level
High school or lower NA NA 1 [Reference] NA 1 [Reference] NA .02
Some college NA NA −0.18 (−0.44 to 0.08) .18 −0.20 (−0.46 to 0.06) .13
College degree or higher NA NA −0.33 (−0.62 to −0.04) .03 −0.37 (−0.66 to −0.08) .01
Childhood perceived stress NA NA NA NA 0.14 (0.04 to 0.25) .006 .02

Abbreviations: NA, not applicable; SES, socioeconomic status.

a

R2 = 0.116; adjusted R2 = 0.106.

b

R2 = 0.129; adjusted R2 = 0.113. P = .08 compared with covariate model.

c

R2 = 0.149; adjusted R2 = 0.131. P = .006 compared with covariate model.

d

A value of 1 indicates yes; a value of 0, no.

e

A value of 1 indicates White; a value of 2, Black.