Table 2. Independent and Additive Associations of Stress at 11 Years of Age and Childhood Parental SES With Insulin Resistance at 40 Years of Age From 336 Observations.

Factor	Covariate model		SES model		Combined model
	Standardized β coefficient (95% CI)a	P value	Standardized β coefficient (95% CI)b	P value	Standardized β coefficient (95% CI)c	P value	ηp2 Effect size
Intercept	−0.28 (−0.43 to −0.131)	.54	−0.06 (−0.32 to 0.20)	.53	−0.03 (−0.29 to 0.23)	.55	NA
Age	−0.01 (−0.11 to 0.091)	.85	−0.004 (−0.11 to 0.10)	.94	−0.02 (−0.12 to 0.08)	.73	.00003
Diabetesd	0.87 (0.54 to 1.201)	<.001	0.86 (0.54 to 1.19)	<.001	0.79 (0.47 to 1.12)	<.001	.09
Current smokerd	0.05 (−0.22 to 0.31)	.73	0.01 (−0.26 to 0.28)	.97	−0.02 (−0.29 to 0.25)	.89	.001
Racee	0.36 (0.16 to 0.57)	.001	0.31 (0.10 to 0.52)	.004	0.32 (0.11 to 0.53)	.003	.04
Parental educational level
High school or lower	NA	NA	1 [Reference]	NA	1 [Reference]	NA	.02
Some college	NA	NA	−0.18 (−0.44 to 0.08)	.18	−0.20 (−0.46 to 0.06)	.13
College degree or higher	NA	NA	−0.33 (−0.62 to −0.04)	.03	−0.37 (−0.66 to −0.08)	.01
Childhood perceived stress	NA	NA	NA	NA	0.14 (0.04 to 0.25)	.006	.02

Abbreviations: NA, not applicable; SES, socioeconomic status.

^a R² = 0.116; adjusted R² = 0.106.

^b R² = 0.129; adjusted R² = 0.113. P = .08 compared with covariate model.

^c R² = 0.149; adjusted R² = 0.131. P = .006 compared with covariate model.

^d A value of 1 indicates yes; a value of 0, no.

^e A value of 1 indicates White; a value of 2, Black.