Table. Summary Statistics of Study Participant Data.
| Variable | Participantsa | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall (N = 376) | Race and ethnicity | P valueb | |||
| Japanese American (n = 113) | Native Hawaiian (n = 144) | White (n = 119) | |||
| Sex | |||||
| Female | 189 (50.3) | 55 (48.7) | 72 (50.0) | 62 (52.1) | .87 |
| Male | 187 (49.7) | 58 (51.3) | 72 (50.0) | 57 (47.9) | |
| Age, mean (SE) [range], y | 57.81 (0.38) [45.00-76.00] | 60.19 (0.78) [45.00-76.00] | 55.60 (0.54) [45.00-73.00] | 58.22 (0.64) [45.00-74.00] | <.001 |
| DunedinPACE score | |||||
| Mean (SE) [range]c | 1.27 (0.01) [0.83-1.68] | 1.25 (0.01) [0.99-1.54] | 1.31 (0.01) [1.08-1.68] | 1.22 (0.01) [0.83-1.51] | <.001 |
| Category | |||||
| Slow | 215 (57.2) | 71 (62.8) | 63 (43.8) | 81 (68.1) | <.001 |
| Fast | 161 (42.8) | 42 (37.2) | 81 (56.3) | 38 (31.9) | |
| BMI | |||||
| Mean (SE) [range] | 26.72 (0.24) [20.35-38.64] | 24.46 (0.31) [20.35-38.64] | 28.54 (0.39) [20.35-38.64] | 26.68 (0.45) [20.35-38.64] | <.001 |
| Category | |||||
| Normal weight | 154 (41.0) | 67 (59.3) | 37 (25.7) | 50 (42.0) | <.001 |
| Overweight | 144 (38.3) | 39 (34.5) | 62 (43.1) | 43 (36.1) | |
| Obese | 78 (20.7) | 7 (6.2) | 45 (31.3) | 26 (21.8) | |
| NSES, 1990 census, quintile | |||||
| 1 | 21 (5.6) | 4 (3.5) | 11 (7.6) | 6 (5.0) | .03 |
| 2 | 42 (11.2) | 12 (10.6) | 24 (16.7) | 6 (5.0) | |
| 3 | 89 (23.7) | 25 (22.1) | 38 (26.4) | 26 (21.8) | |
| 4 | 83 (22.1) | 24 (21.2) | 31 (21.5) | 28 (23.5) | |
| 5 | 141 (37.5) | 48 (42.5) | 40 (27.8) | 53 (44.5) | |
| Educational level | |||||
| Years completed, mean (SE) [range] | 14.64 (0.13) [7.00-18.00] | 14.50 (0.25) [7.00-18.00] | 14.07 (0.19) [7.00-18.00] | 15.47 (0.22) [7.00-18.00] | <.001 |
| Highest level completed | |||||
| Grades 6-8 | 7 (1.9) | 4 (3.5) | 2 (1.4) | 1 (0.8) | <.001 |
| Grades 9-10 | 5 (1.3) | 1 (0.9) | 2 (1.4) | 2 (1.7) | |
| Grades 11-12 | 99 (26.3) | 29 (25.7) | 51 (35.4) | 19 (16.0) | |
| Vocational school | 33 (8.8) | 19 (16.8) | 10 (6.9) | 4 (3.4) | |
| Some college | 63 (16.8) | 12 (10.6) | 30 (20.8) | 21 (17.6) | |
| Graduated college | 84 (22.3) | 23 (20.4) | 31 (21.5) | 30 (25.2) | |
| Graduate or professional school | 85 (22.6) | 25 (22.1) | 18 (12.5) | 42 (35.3) | |
| HEI score, mean (SE) [range]d | 67.11 (0.49) [39.44-91.00] | 67.93 (0.89) [43.41-91.00] | 65.95 (0.73) [44.62-86.95] | 67.75 (0.93) [39.44-89.22] | .17 |
| Moderate or vigorous PA, mean (SE) [range], h/wk | 16.89 (0.18) [8.36-23.93] | 16.59 (0.35) [8.36-23.93] | 17.05 (0.31) [8.96-23.43] | 16.97 (0.30) [9.71-23.82] | .56 |
| Missing PA data, No. | 6 | 1 | 4 | 1 | NA |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared); DunedinPACE, Dunedin Pace of Aging Calculated From the Epigenome; HEI, Healthy Eating Index; NA, not applicable; NSES, neighborhood socioeconomic status; PA, physical activity.
Data are presented as number (percentage) of participants unless otherwise indicated.
P values were from a Pearson χ2 test of independence (used for sex, DunedinPACE category, BMI category, and 1990 US census NSES) and an analysis of variance (used for chronological age, DunedinPACE, BMI, educational level, HEI score, and the number of hours of moderate or vigorous PA per week). The level of education was treated as a continuous variable measured from categorical values represented in the table and ranging from sixth grade to graduate or professional school level.
A score of 1.0 means equivalent biological and chronological aging.
Score range, 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating better alignment with key dietary recommendations that support health.