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. 2024 Jul 28;17:11795476241266099. doi: 10.1177/11795476241266099

Table 1.

The characteristics of included studies.

Study number Study, et al. Number Sex Age Level Initial presentation Surgical approach Chemotherapy Radiotherapy Outcome Death Residual symptoms and/or recurrence Follow-up period
1 The current study 1 Male 60 T6 Acute paraparesis and bilateral lower limb weakness Decompression and complete surgical excision followed by fixation No Yes Favorable No No 1 y
2 Willatt et al 8 1 Female 72 T2−T3 2-year of progressive pain in the upper thoracic spine radiating to the left arm and leg
to her left arm and leg. She was non-responsive to pain relief but had no functional deficits
Robot-assisted para-vertebral en-bloc tumor resection No No Favorable No No
3 Dokponou et al 9 1 Male 56 T1−T3 Dorsal back pain, LL fatigue, intermittent claudication complicated by bladder and bowel disturbances  Laminectomy with en bloc resection of the lesion No No Favorable No No 6 mo
4 Mihara et al 10 1 Male 75 T2−T3 3-month history of progressive bilateral lower extremity numbness, hypesthesia, and spastic gait. Laminectomy and complete resection of the tumor in a piece-by-piece manner NM NM Favorable No Spasticity 3 y
5 Kassels et al 1 1 Female 36 T2−3 Chest pain, dizziness, abdominal pain Rt sided video-assisted thoracoscopic surgical resection No Yes Favorable No No 16 mo
6 Moune et al 11 1 Male 56 T12 T12-dorsal/intercostal pain Laminectomy for tumor debulking, followed by gross total en bloc resection with fusion Yes Yes Unfavorable No Recurrence 2 y
7 Mahmoud et al 12 1 Female 18 Extending from the left lower neck into the upper anterior mediastinum (cervicothoracic vertebrae) Progressively worsening shortness of breath and dysphagia. Extensive palliative debulking No Yes Favorable No No NM
8 Yoon et al 13 1 Female 52 T4–5 3-month history of dysphagia Video-assisted thoracotomy Yes Yes Favorable No No 1 y
9 Costanzo et al 14 1 Male 62 T3−T4 Thoracic pain, gait disturbance, bilateral lower limb weakness, and paresthesias below T2 level Aggressive transthoracic resection of tumor No No Favorable No No 6 mo
10 Sobash et al 15 1 Female 62 Right lung apex at levels of C7 to T2 Right arm and hand numbness with a history of previous carpal tunnel release. Incomplete resection No Yes Unfavorable No Recurrence and regrowth of residual 8 mo
11 Leary et al 16 2 Male 70 T10–T12 NM 2-staged approach of en bloc resection and anterior column reconstruction with segmental fixation and fusion. NM NM NM NM NM NM
Male 68 C6−T4 NM A anterior trapped-door thoracotomy and parasagittal osteotomies followed by en bloc resection of the tumor, fixation and fusion NM NM NM NM NM NM
12 Supreeth et al 17 1 Female 52 T4−5 Incidental finding of posterior mediastinal mass with no significant medical history VATS-assisted thoracotomy for mass excision and vertebral body en-bloc resection Yes No Favorable No No 1 y
13 Bai et al 18 1 Male 73 Sacral (S1, S2) and thoracic (T11) Intermittent lumbosacral pain and root pain of the lower limbs, which severely affected his gait and gradually led to difficulty in defecating and urinating Posterior decompression followed by extended resection No No Favorable No No 24 mo
14 Liu et al 19 1 Male 64 T5, T6 4-month history of continuous and progressive back pain The patient underwent one-stage thoracoscopic release of vertebral and paravertebral tumors. No No Favorable No No 6 mo
15 Goomany et al 20 1 Male 46 T10−T12 18-month history of
progressively worsening thoracic back pain
En bloc resection of a thoracic chordoma via a minimally invasive extreme lateral interbody fusion approach No No Favorable No No 8 y
16 Faheem et al 21 1 Male 8 T11−L1 Insidious onset, non-traumatic low back ache of 1-year duration along with paraparesis and urinary incontinence
of 3 mo duration.
Laminectomy. The tumor was decompressed with the help of a cavitron ultrasonic aspirator, and near-total excision was performed. A watertight dural closure was performed NM Yes Favorable No Urinary incontinence. Lower limb muscle weakness 10 mo
17 Pu et al 22 1 Male 41 T10−L2 Progressive low back pain at T10-L2 for 2 y. Complete resection of the tumor and internal fixation of the vertebral bodies No No Favorable No No 30 mo
18 Kim et al 23 1 Male 60 T7, T8, T9 Unsuccessful attempted resection of a left-sided paraspinal mass spanning the level T7−T9 for a presumed diagnosis of schwannoma. 2-staged en bloc surgical resection No No Favorable No No 1 y
19 Rena, et al 24 1 Female 69 T2, T3 Incidentally diagnosed in on routine chest X-ray as a left paravertebral mass. 8 y later she was presented with acute back pain associated with increasing paraparesis. Thoracotomy and staged decompressive laminectomy No No Favorbale No No 30 d
20 Royo Crespo et al 25 1 Male 52 T5, T6 6-month history of dorsal thoracic pain Laminectomy and en bloc excision resection of the tumor, together with reconstruction Yes Yes Favorable No No 7 d
21 Conzo et al 26 1 Male 47 T1, T2 An asymptomatic patient incidentally misdiagnosed as a paraganglioma Radical removal through a right extended cervicotomy No No Favorable No No 18 mo
22 Matsubayashi et al 27 1 Female 47 Paravertebral thoracic posterior mediastinal not invading the bone Incidentally detected on a chest radiograph Surgically removal with thoracoscopic assistance No No Favorable No No 5 mo
23 Fernández Carballal et al 28 1 Female 31 T1−T2 8-week history of gait disturbance. Surgical resection using a laminectomy and complete facetectomy NM Yes Favorable No No 6 mo
24 Fontes and O’Toole 5 1 Male 89 T10 Incapacitating pain and early signs of thoracic myelopathy. Intralesional posterolateral resection and reconstruction No Yes Favorbale No No 13 mo
25 Delgado et al 29 1 Female 68 T7 Moderate to intense pain in the upper abdomen, irradiating to the flanks, followed by weakness of the lower limbs, rapidly evolving to paralysis and urinary incontinence. Around admission, the patient presented flaccid paraplegia, global anesthesia below T4 and atonia of the anal sphincter. Initial right costotransversectomy to decompress the fracture and remove material for pathological study followed by a trans pleural thoracotomy for corpectomy and anterior arthrodesis NM NM Unfavorable Yes Circulatory instability and ischemia of the right hand followed by necrosis and amputation of the first, second and third finger followed by sepsis <1 mo
26 Miyazawa et al 30 1 Male 37 Thoracic vertebrae Back pain Surgical resection No Yes Favorable No Backache and recurrence 15 mo
27 Wang et al 31 1 Female 25 T1−T5 Incidentally, a huge upper mediastinal mass was found on chest radiographic examination. The only symptom probably associated with the mass was anhidrosis of her left hand. The patient is still under evaluation for surgery. NM NM NM NM NM NM
28 Van Kollenburg et al 32 1 Female 51 T3−T4 Paresthesia in the face and the upper thoracic area, dizziness, transpiration, and other mild signs of autonomic system disorders. Vague pain in the thoracic spine region and both legs for 1 y Preoperatively embolization followed by palliative anterior resection with decompression of the spinal cord. Next, en bloc spondylectomy with the left second rib resection, followed by anterior fusion. No Yes Favorable No Minor neurological symptoms and pain at the site of operation 2 y
29 Bisceglia et al 33 1 Male 70 T9 6-month history of backache, neurological symptoms and bilateral lower limb weakness and the patient was misdiagnosed as poorly differentiated metastatic large cell carcinoma was. 3 y later he was presented with back pain and hyposthenia of both lower extremities recurred, with the severity of the symptoms markedly increasing and progressing to complete paraparesis with bladder and bowel dysfunction. He was misdiagnosed as an irradiated metastatic adenocarcinoma to the thoracic vertebra Bilateral laminectomy followed 3 y later by second palliative surgery for subtotal piecemeal removal of the tumor followed by reconstruction of the bony defect and stabilization No Yes Unfavorable Yes Recurrence 5 mo
30 Selvaraj and Wood 34 1 Female 33 T2−T3 Incidental finding on chest X-ray of bilobed paravertebral mass in the upper mediastinum. She subsequently developed swelling and redness of the face on lifting her hands to dress her hair and tingling sensation along the medial side of the left forearm. Initial excision biopsy through thoracotomy followed by re-admission for a left posterolateral thoracotomy where the mass was excised. A third procedure was undertaken to excise the remnant of tissue. No No Favorable No No 6
31 Smolders et al 35 1 NM NM T7 NM Not mentioned NM NM NM NM NM NM
32 Topsakal et al 36 1 Female 44 Backache, lower limbs weakness and sphincter incontinence Total resection combined with anterior interbody fusion through left trans pleural transthoracic approach No No Favorable No Recurrence 2 y
33 Pai 37 1 Male 49 T2−T3 Pins and needles sensations from the chest down and unsteadiness on feet. Thoracic backache for many months and the spine had been manipulated by an osteopath on several occasions. Worsening of back pain in the days before being seen. The tumor was too extensive for surgical treatment Yes Yes Unfavorable No Grade II weakness in the lower limbs (wheelchair-bound with) and urinary incontinence. 2 mo
34 Murphy et al 38 1 Female 39 T1, T2, T3 Gradual onset of hoarseness, dysphagia and increasing shortness of breath Surgical resection of the tumor No No Unfavorable Yes 10 d
35 Holden et al 39 1 Male 20 T4, T5 4-month history of worsening numbness in both thighs and a 1-month history of worsening ataxia Thoracic laminectomy and uncomplicated removal of the tumor. No No Favorable No No NM
36 Levowitz et al 40 1 Male 64 T1−T6 Nonproductive cough of 3 mo duration. For many years the patient experienced a dull substernal pain unrelated to activity and occasional episodes of dysphagia. Later on he was admitted for pain in the right upper arm and cervical region of 1 month’s duration. The third admission was with bilateral upper arm pain associated with motor and sensory impairment involving the left hand. Right thoracotomy Yes Yes Unfavorable No Recurrence 8 y
37 Suster and Moran 41 6 Male 8 T7−T7 Difficulty in swallowing Piecemeal resection No No Unfavorable Yes Recurrence 3 y
Female 14 T1−T4 Incidental X-ray finding secondary to sports injury Surgical excision No No NM No No  LFU
Female 33 Chest discomfort Complete surgical excision No No Favorable No No 16 y
Male 61 Chest pain, SOB, left pleural effusion Partial excision No No Unfavorable Yes Recurrence 1 y
Female 63 T5−T6 Backache and SOB for 1-year Complete surgical excision No No NM No No LFU
Male 65 T3−T4 Chest discomfort and SOB Complete surgical excision No Yes Favorable No No 3 y
38 Taki et al 42 1 Female 15 Left side of the upper posterior mediastinum Asymptomatic with only left side Horner syndrome, and when chest radiograph was taken, it was incidental finding Subtotal resection NM NM NM No NM NM
39 Ahrendt and Wesselhoeft 43 1 Male 9 T3 Right-sided chest pain during an upper respiratory infection. Chest x-ray demonstrated a right posterior mediastinal mass. An exploratory thoracotomy and complete tumor excision leaving no evidence of residual gross disease No Yes Favorable No No 4 y 8 mo
40 Walsh and Mayer 44 1 Female 69 T11 Paresthesia from the back to mid waist Right-sided transthoracic partial resection then posterior approach for total resection No Yes Favorable No No 7 y
41 Amendola et al 45 1 Female 66 Thoracic vertebrae Pain and soft tissue mass Subtotal resection No Yes Unfavorable Yes 6.5 y
42 Ramiro et al 46 1 Female 33 T4 3-month history of pain across the shoulders and progressive disturbance of gait. Laminectomy and complete resection NM NM Favorable No No 1 y
43 Schwarz et al 47 1 Male 59 T8 Back pain and bilateral lower limb weakness Initial posterior decompression, followed by left trans pleural transthoracic subtotal resection No Yes Favorable No Expected to do well due to aggressive resection and lack of MetS NM
44 Cotler et al 48 1 Female 14 T3, T4, T5 Whooping cough for 2 wk, then incidentally diagnosed when a roentgenogram was requested. Transthoracic excision of the tumor and excision of anterior aspects of affected vertebrae NM NM Favorable No No 3 y
45 Clemons et al 49 1 Female 14 Upper thoracic vertebrae Asymptomatic incidentally diagnosed after sports injury, an X-ray revealed a right superior posterior mediastinal mass Right thoracotomy and surgical resection. No No NM NM NM LFU
46 Burauzewski and Rudowski 50 2 Male 34 T3, T4, T5 4 y earlier, the patient had received X-ray treatment because of pains in the chest, which had been present at that time for about a year. 4 y later symptoms reappeared and gradually increased. after radiotherapy and refusal of surgery, 6 mo later, he was brought with paralysis of the lower limbs Laminectomy and decompression No Yes Unfavorable Yes Acute circulatory failure 2 d
Male 37 T4 Pains in the chest located in the lower left scapular area, followed a month later by pulmonary hemorrhages, disturbances of gait, and sensory changes in the lower limbs. Laminectomy NM NM Favorable No No NM
47 Crowe and Muldoon 51 1 Male 30 NM Cough, anemia, weight loss, and right arm deficit NM NM NM NM NM NM NM

Abbreviations: LFU, lost to follow-up; NM, not mentioned; SOB, shortness of breathing.