Fig. 1.
Metabolome-wide association study on prenatal famine exposure. A Association of prenatal famine exposure with 168 metabolic biomarkers. Regression models were adjusted for age, sex, and cholesterol-lowering medication and correlation within sibships were controlled for (main model). Scattered points represent metabolic biomarkers: the x-axis shows the effect size for the association of famine with the respective metabolic biomarker, while the y-axis is negative log of the p value. The grey line represents the significance threshold for this analysis (p value = 3.57 × 10−3). B Heatmap showing the correlation of famine-associated metabolic biomarkers. Pearson’s correlation was calculated for each metabolic biomarker pair. C Sensitivity analyses on famine-associated metabolic biomarkers. Main: main model; BMI-adjusted: main model additionally adjusting for BMI; Diabetes-adjusted: main model additionally adjusted for type 2 diabetes; polygenic score (PGS)-adjusted: main model additionally adjusted for the polygenic score of the metabolic biomarkers. Effect estimates and 95% confidence intervals are depicted for each model and are reported in standard-deviation (SD) units of the log-transformed metabolic biomarkers