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. 2024 Jul 29;22:309. doi: 10.1186/s12916-024-03529-2

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 4 — Effect of additional adjustment of BMI in the correlation analysis of the metabolic biomarker signature associated with famine and the metabolic biomarker signature associated with various common diseases. The main model within the DHWFS cohort was adjusted for age, sex, and cholesterol-lowering medication. The BMI-adjusted model within the DHWFS cohort was adjusted for age, sex, cholesterol-lowering medication, and BMI. The effect sizes estimated for these two models of prenatal famine exposure were each correlated to the effect sizes estimated for the risk of common diseases. The 30 diseases most correlated to the metabolic biomarker signature of prenatal famine exposure are shown