Table 2.

Applicative studies

Study Location	Study Design	Occupational sector and workers’ characteristics	Intervention features	Outcomes	Follow-up period	Reference
USA	Randomized control trial	Supervisors and workers of construction sector (n = 167); Age (mean): 45.13; Gender: M 90%, F 10%	Safety and Health Improvement Program (SHIP) Supervisor-based training on family supportive supervisory behaviors, safety climate, communication skill (team effectiveness)	Improvement in supervisors’ emotional support behaviors, team effectiveness increasing morals and working attitudes (90%), more efficient use of time and resources (70%), focus on safety practices (100%); Decrease of mean blood pressure scores (p = .038)	12-month	Hammer et al. [36]
USA	Pre-post-test	Home care workers (n = 16); Age (mean): 57.81; Gender: M 6%, F 94%	Community of Practice and Safety Support (COMPASS) Training on health and safety promotion, risks, social support for “consumer/employers”; Goal-based teamwork	Increase of life satisfaction (p < 0.05), decision authority, fruit and vegetable consumption, safety compliance, team cohesion; bringing meals from home to work; Decrease of negative affect (p < 0.05), depressive symptoms, job psychological demand, interpersonal conflict with customer-employers and occupational fatigue	6-month	Olson et al. [37]
USA	Randomized control trial	Overweight/obese workers working in sedentary desk jobs (n = 54); Age (mean): 45; Gender: M 30%, F 70%	Redesigning of work environment introducing elliptical machine underneath job desk; Advice on ergonomic strategies; Periodic recommendations by weekly mails on ergonomic strategies and healthy behaviors	Improvements in occupational physical activity counts (p = 0 .03), occupational time spent in light-intensity physical activity (p = 0.04); In relation to average (1) pedal time/day (min), (2) pedal bouts/day and (3) pedal speed HP/HP changes in weight (p = 0.04), fat mass (p = 0.02), % body fat (p < 0.05), resting heart rate (p < 0.05), waist circumference (p = 0.02), concentration while at work (p = 0.01), days missed because of physical/mental health (p = 0.03);	16-weeks	Carr et al. [38]
USA	Randomized control trial	Home care workers (n = 149); Age (mean): 51,6; Gender: M 11%, F 89%	Community of Practice and Safety Support (COMPASS) Training meets on safety, health, well-being, goal setting, self-monitoring, social support; Peer-oriented discussion meets	Improved safety communication (12-month p < 0.001); correcting slip, trip, or fall hazards (12-month p = .027); Using of new tools or technique for moving objects (6-month p = .009), house cleaning (6-month p = .041; 12-month p = .006) and daily fruit and vegetable servings (12-month p = 0.38); Reduction in lost work days because of injury (6-month p = 0.01), improvements in high-density lipoprotein (6-month p = 0.045) and grip strength (12-month p = 0.011)	6-month and 12-month	Olson et al. [39]
Boston, Massachusetts, USA	Randomized control trial	Construction workers (n = 324); Age (mean): 40.55; Gender: M 96%, F 4%	All the Right Moves (ARM) program (Soft Tissue Injury Prevention program) Foreman training on worksite ergonomic practices; Coaching during Health Weeks on diet, physical activity, reduced smoking behaviors	Increase of physical activity (6-month p = 0.03), healthier diet (6-month p = 0.008) and eating (6-month p = 0.054) behaviors, ergonomic practices (1-month p = 0.002); Reduction of new pain or injury (1-month p = 0.012)	1 and 6-months	Peters et al. [40]
Oregon, USA	Pre-post-test	Supervisors and workers of contractor sector (n = 35); Age (mean): 38; Gender: supervisors: M 90%, F 9.1%; workers: M 69.1%, F 30.8%	Computer-based training on supporting of employees' health lifestyles; Discussion meetings on health topics and take-home healthy activities	Increase of health knowledge (p < 0.001), family supportive supervisors’ behaviors toward employees (p = 0.005), safety climate (p = 0.054), social support for a healthy diet by family and others, strengthening and toning muscles, support to a healthier environment, sleep hours, vitality, general health. Decrease of sugary drink and sugary snack consumption, systolic blood pressure	14-weeks	Anger et al. [41]
USA	Pre-post-test	Sale workers (n = 70); Age (mean): N/A; Gender: M 52.86%, F 47.14%	Promoting U through Safety and Health (PUSH) Online training on safety, health, communication	Increase of knowledge of safety and health score (p < 0.001), specific skills for the job (mentioned by 17%), awareness of hazards and how to apply information learned (mentioned by 20%)	3-months	Aryal et al. [42]
Colorado, USA	Pre-post-test	Miscellaneous of managers of 22 small facilities; Age (mean): N/A; Gender: N/A	Health Links (Healthy Workplace Assessment) TWH assessment, advising and training for leaders on TWH principles	Increase of organizational supports, workplace assessments, health programs and policies, safety programs and policies, engagement, evaluations, health climate, safety climate	1-year	Shore et al. [43]
USA	Randomized control trial	Supervisors and workers of military sector (n = 704); Age (mean): 36.2; Gender: M 25.1, F 74.7	Online training on family and sleep supportive supervisory behaviors	Increase of employee's perceptions of supervisor support for sleep (p < 0.01), job satisfaction; decrease of turnover intentions, stress before bed, personal functional impairment, and social functional impairment	4-months and 9-months	Hammer et al. [44]
USA	Pre-post-test	Supervisors and workers of agricultural sector (n = 182); Age (mean): N/A; Gender: M 35.7%, F 63.7%, Ot. 0.55%	Online training on supervisors’ attitudes about health promotion and workers’ well-being	Increase of knowledge of safety and health risks and promotion scores, supervisors talking about safety and health to young workers (p < 0.001)	Immediate post-test and 3-months	Rohlman et al. [45]
New England, USA	Randomized control trial	Supervisors and workers of construction sector (n = 263); Age (mean): 44; Gender: M 97%, F 3%	HearWell Training on hearing risks, strategies for noise hazards and protection device use	Increase of self-efficacy in hearing protection devices (p = 0.04), social norms around hearing protection (p = 0.001), hearing climate (p = 0.005)	6-months	Cavallari et al. [46]
USA	Randomized control trial	Correctional workers (n = 128); Age (mean): 30.38; Gender: M 75.8%, F 24.2%	Peer Health mentoring Program (HMP) Peer mentoring on TWH principles and better healthy behavioral strategies	Decrease of perception of both physical and psychological job demands (p < 0.001)	1-year and 5-years	Kotejoshyer et al. [47]
Colorado, USA	Randomized control trial	Miscellaneous of managers of small businesses (n = 38); Age (mean): 42; Gender: M 8.8%, F 91.2%	Health Links (Healthy Workplace Assessment) Training on TWH strategies, leadership practices and personal health; Virtual coaching and goal tracking	Improved self-reported TWH leadership practices about well-being (p = 0.19) but not in their personal health reporting increased levels of work stress after program	3-month	Schwatka et al. [48]
Colorado, USA	Pre-post-test	Miscellaneous of leaders (n = 261); Age (mean): 38.5; Gender: M 20.7%, F 78.9%	Health Links (Healthy Workplace Assessment) TWH training for leaders; Coaching sessions, goal setting and tracking platform	Health climate and safety climate remained stable, but well-being scores declined in COVID I (p < 0.0001) and in COVID II (p < 0.001) time points	6-weeks and 4-month (COVID I and COVID II time point)	Brown et al. [49]
USA	Randomized control trial	Miscellaneous of managers of small businesses (n = 250); Age (mean): 40.8; Gender: M 25% males, F 75%	Health Links (Healthy Workplace Assessment) Training and advising on TWH practices	Increase of TWH policies and programs (p = 0.682), health leadership (p = 0.880), safety climate (p = 0.456), health behavior (p = 0.495), well-being (p = 0.071)	1-year	Schwatka et al. [50]
USA	Randomized control trial	Bus operators (n = 14); Age (mean): 49.57; Gender: M 64.29%, F 35.71%	Success & Health Impacts For Transit (SHIFT) operators during Onboarding Onboarding training on prevention of weight gain and functional skills oriented to a new workplace; Website application to support online challenges	Decrease of weight, sugary drink, sugary snack, fast food consumption and general work-related stress; Increase of meals bright from home, self-reported physical activity, self-reported sleep duration and sleep quality, social connection, self-efficacy, job satisfaction	3–6-9–12-months	Olson et al. [51]