Table 3.
Clinical parameters collected from COVID-19 patients and healthy controls
| Variables | CL, n = 31 | 3 months post-COVID-19, n = 29 | 6 months, post-COVID-19, n = 23 | 12 months post-COVID-19, n = 20 | P-value, (COVID-19 vs CL) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FVC (%) | 93.8 ± 16.6 | 98.7 ± 16.6 | 98.8 ± 20.4 | 104 ± 21.3 | ns |
| FEV1 (%) | 98.4 ± 17.9 | 93.2 ± 28.1 | 101 ± 20.3 | 102 ± 25.7 | ns |
| FEV1/FVC (%) | 79.7 ± 4.79 | 94.8 ± 23.3** | 64.0 ± 52.5 | 96.9 ± 12.1 | < 0.05 |
| TLC (L) | ND | 109 ± 27.5 | 96.1 ± 9.45 | 96.8 ± 15.3 | ns |
| RV (L) | ND | 108 ± 25.3 | 94.8 ± 19.1 | 89.1 ± 32.5 | ns |
| DLCO (%) | ND | 73.7 ± 17.2 | 73.9 ± 8.74 | 67.3 ± 11.9 | ns |
| 6MWT (m) | ND | 360 ± 73.5 | 372 ± 127 | 366 ± 118 | ns |
| Hb (g/dL) | 14.4 ± 1.61 | 13.8 ± 1.74 | 14.0 ± 1.74 | 13.9 ± 1.84 | ns |
| HTC (%) | 43.2 ± 4.00 | 42.7 ± 4.81 | 43.1 ± 4.40 | 43.0 ± 4.64 | ns |
| Lym (K/mcL) | 1.94 ± 0.54 | 2.35 ± 0.92 | 1.91 ± 0.65 | 2.06 ± 0.59 | ns |
| LDH (mg/dL) | 180 ± 18.4 | 192 ± 32.7 | 198 ± 37.3 | 198 ± 30.0 | ns |
| MF (ng/mL) | 108 ± 93.9 | 143 ± 116 | 144 ± 117 | 159 ± 128 | ns |
| Iron (II,III) (µg/dL) | 87.3 ± 30.9 | 72.8 ± 28.2* | 83.0 ± 24.1 | 89.7 ± 38.1 | < 0.05 |
| Transferrin (mg/dL) | 251 ± 41.2 | 252 ± 41.2 | 271 ± 55.4 | 254 ± 76.7 | ns |
| Transferrin saturation (%) | 25.1 ± 9.52 | 20.6 ± 7.81* | 22.5 ± 8.39 | 25.4 ± 12.7 | < 0.05 |
| CRP (mg/dL) | 0.11 ± 0.06 | 0.32 ± 0.59 | 0.29 ± 0.25 | 0.50 ± 1.05 | ns |
| Troponin T(ng/L) | 6.46 ± 3.61 | 19.6 ± 13.6**** | 16.2 ± 14.3* | 14.8 ± 11.4** | < 0.05 |
| NT-proBNP (pg/mL) | 127 ± 65.0 | 415 ± 640.3** | 442 ± 670* | 222 ± 176* | < 0.05 |
| Positive DD (%) | 1 (9.09%) | 5 (19.2%) | 5 (23.8%) | 3 (15.0%) | ns |
| FIB (mg/dL) | 410 ± 61.1 | 409 ± 84.2 | 450 ± 78.9 | 448 ± 90.9 | ns |
Clinical characteristics of 3, 6 and 12-months post-COVID-19 patients and healthy controls. Values expressed as mean ± SD
CL Healthy control, FVC forced vital capacity, FEV forced expiratory volume, TLC total lung capacity, RV residual volume, DLCO carbon monoxide diffusing capacity, 6MWT Six minute walk test, Hb hemoglobin, HTC hematocrit, Lym lymphocytes, LDH lactate Dehydrogenase, MF maximum ferritin, CRP C reactive protein, NT-proBNP N-terminal-pro hormone B-type natriuretic peptide, DD Dimer-D, FIB fibrinogen
Ordinary one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test for parametric tests and Kruskal–Wallis test followed by Dunn’s multiple comparisons test for non-parametric tests, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ****P < 0.0001. Reference values: Troponin, 0–14 pg/mL; Lymphocytes, 1–4,5 (K/mcL); LDH, 135–225 (mg/dL); Ferritin, 30–400 (ng/mL)