Fig. 1.

A. Example of the picture–word Stroop stimuli. Participants respond to the picture while ignoring the superimposed word. In the congruent condition, both the task-relevant and task-irrelevant stimuli refer to “cat”, while in the incongruent conditions, the picture (task-relevant) refers to a different item compared to the word (task-irrelevant), but both belong to the same semantic category. B. Example of the picture–word interference stimuli. Participants name the picture, ignoring the superimposed word. In the unrelated condition, the task-relevant stimulus is not related to the task-irrelevant one, generating less interference, while in the related condition, the semantic relation between the picture (task-relevant) and the word (task-irrelevant) produces interference