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. 2024 Jul 25;12(3):487–527. doi: 10.5599/admet.2361

Table 5.

Electrochemical biosensors for diabetes biomarkers using screen-printed carbon electrodes.

Biomarkers Electrode modification Redox probe Detection methods Results Sample Ref.
Glucose GOx/NF/MnO2-GNR/SPCE 0.1 M PB (pH 7.0) CV

  • Linear range: 0.1 - 1.4 mM

  • LOD: 50 μM

  • Sensitivity: 56.32 μA/mM1 cm2

 D-glucose [162]
GOx/Pt/rGO/P3ABA/SPCE 0.1 M PBS (pH 7.4) Amp

  • Linear range: 0.25 - 6 mM

  • LOD: 44.3 μM

  • Sensitivity: 22.01 μA/mM cm2

 D-glucose [163]
GOx/PtNP/PAA/SPCE 0.1 M PB (pH 7.0) Amp

  • Linear range: 20 μM-2.3 mM

  • LOD: 7.6 μM

  • Sensitivity: 42.7 μA/mM cm2

 D-glucose [150]
HbA1c SH-Aptamer/AuNP/SPCE [Fe(CN)6]4−/3− SWV

  • Linear range: 0.1-1000 ng/mL

  • LOD: 0.2 ng/mL

 Human whole blood [154]
anti-HbA1c/AuNP/SPCE [Fe(CN)6]4−/3− DPV/CV

  • Linear range: 20-200 μg/mL

  • LOD: 15.5 μg/mL

 HbA1c standard [164]
Aptamer/TBO/
/pTBA@MWCNT/SPCE		 0.1 M PBS (pH 7.4) Amp

  • Linear range: 0.006 - 0.74 μmol/L

  • LOD: 3.7 nM

 Human whole blood [165]
Anti-HbA1c/STV/SPCE-PET [Fe(CN)6]4−/3− Potentiometry

  • Linear range: 5.6 to 10.6%

 Human whole blood [166]
GHSA Apt/GO-NHS/SPCE [Fe(CN)6]4−/3− SWV

  • Linear range: 0.001-10 mg/mL

  • LOD: 0.031 μg/mL

 Spiked serum [167]
SH-Apt/STV/SPCE [Fe(CN)6]4−/3− SWV

  • Linear range: 2×10-6 to 16 mg/mL

  • LOD: 2.6 ng/mL

  • Sensitivity: 10-6 to 1 mg/mL

 Human plasma [168]
Apt/AuNI/SPCE [Fe(CN)6]4−/3− DPV

  • Linear range: 1-40 mg/mL

 Mouse serum [156]
Fructosamine 6-kinase/SPCE [Fe(CN)6]4−/3− Amp

  • Linear range: 20 to 100 μM

 Synthetic GHSA [169]
FAOx/SPCE Ru(NH3)63+/2+ CA

  • Linear range: 0.1 to 100 μg/mL

  • LOD: 0.1 μg/mL

 Human whole blood [155]
Aptamer/GO/SPCE [Fe(CN)6]4−/3− SWV

  • Linear range: 0.01 to 50 μg/mL

  • LOD: 8.7 ng/mL

 Human Serum [170]
Aptamer/GO-Pb/SPCE [Fe(CN)6]4−/3− SWV

  • Linear range: 0.001 to 10 μg/mL

  • LOD: 0.77 μg/mL

 Human serum [171]
Insulin Aptamer/Au/SPCE 0.1 M PBS SWV

  • Linear range: 25 to 150 pM

  • LOD: 18.5 pM

  • Stability: 10 days (92 %)

 Human whole blood [172]
Apt-MB/AuNP/SPCE [Fe(CN)6]4−/3− CV and SWV

  • Linear range: 0.05-15 nM

  • LOD: 0.85 nM

  • Stability: 30 days (87.52 %)

  • Recovery: 92.0 ~ 98.8 %

 Spiked human saliva [173]
apt-MB/ OMC-TPS/SPCE 0.1 M PB (pH 7.4) DPV

  • Linear range: 1 fM to 10 pM

  • LOD: 0.18 fM

  • Stability: 21 days (92.8 %)

 Human serum spiked [29]
ATP Apt/AuNP/SPCE [Fe(CN)6]4−/3− DPV

  • Linear range: 0.1 to 100 μM

  • LOD: 7.43 μM

  • LOQ: 24.78 μM

 ATP standard [152]
CRP Anti-CRP/GQDs/SPCE [Fe(CN)6]4−/3− CV

  • Linear range: 0.5 to 10 ng/mL

  • LOD: 0.036 ng mL−1

  • Sensitivity: 2.45 μA/ng mL cm2

 Artificial serum [159]
microRNA DNA-ANSAm/SPCE [Fe(CN)6]4−/3− CV

  • Linear range: 10-9-10-14 M

  • LOD: 17 fM

 Urine [160]
1,5-AG PROD/PT-rGO-PtPd/SPCE [Fe(CN)6]4−/3− DPV

  • Linear range: 0.1-2.0 mg/mL

  • LOD: 30.0 μg/mL

  • Recovery: 99.8 to 106.8 %

 Human serum [161]

GOx: Glucose oxidase; NF: Nafion; MWCNT: Multi-walled carbon nanotube; PBS: Phosphate Bovine Serum; GO: Graphene oxide; rGO: Reduced graphene oxide; GNR: Graphene nanoribbons; Pt: Platinum; P3ABA: Poly(3-aminobenzoic acid; TBO: Toluidine blue O; pTBA: Poly(2,2ʹ:5ʹ,5″-terthiophene-3ʹ-p-benzoic acid); PET: Polyethylene terephthalate; AuNI: Gold nanoisland; FAOx: Fructosyl amino acid oxidase; OMC: Ordered mesoporous carbon; TPS: 1,3,6,8-pyrenetetrasulfonate; GQDs: Graphene quantum dots; PROD: Pyranose oxidase; PtPd: Platinum-Palladium; CV: Cylic voltammetry; DPV: Differential pulse voltammetry; SWV: Square-wave voltammetry. Amp: amperometry.