Table 1.
Weighted baseline characteristics of participants with NGM, prediabetes, and diabetes.
| Total | NGM | Prediabetes | Diabetes | P value† | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. of participants | 7739 | 4010 | 3192 | 537 | |
| Age, y, mean (SE) | 47.23 (0.33) | 42.66 (0.39) | 51.58 (0.41) | 61.29 (0.79) | < 0.0001 |
| Age, n (%) | < 0.0001 | ||||
| 20–44 | 3443 (45.21) | 2328 (56.92) | 1049 (33.36) | 66 (14.25) | |
| 45–64 | 2756 (39.13) | 1229 (34.00) | 1323 (45.72) | 204 (42.22) | |
| ≥ 65 | 1540 (15.66) | 453 (9.07) | 820 (20.91) | 267 (43.54) | |
| Sex, n (%) | < 0.0001 | ||||
| Male | 3802 (48.76) | 1704 (42.50) | 1815 (57.03) | 283 (50.97) | |
| Female | 3937 (51.24) | 2306 (57.50) | 1377 (42.97) | 254 (49.03) | |
| Race, n (%) | < 0.0001 | ||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 3863 (73.45) | 1959 (72.35) | 1615 (74.36) | 289 (77.87) | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 1366 (8.64) | 799 (9.90) | 477 (6.98) | 90 (8.17) | |
| Mexican American | 1131 (7.35) | 526 (6.85) | 522 (8.03) | 83 (7.41) | |
| Otder Race | 1379 (10.55) | 726 (10.89) | 578 (10.62) | 75 (6.55) | |
| Education level, n (%) | < 0.0001 | ||||
| High school or less | 3333 (35.80) | 1503 (31.48) | 1528 (39.96) | 302 (48.68) | |
| Some college | 2340 (31.46) | 1292 (32.43) | 911 (30.65) | 137 (27.62) | |
| College graduate or above |
2066 (32.75) | 1215 (36.09) | 753 (29.39) | 98 (23.70) | |
| Marital status, n (%) | < 0.0001 | ||||
| Divorced/ Separated/Widowed |
1533 (16.62) | 682 (14.51) | 679 (17.75) | 172 (29.76) | |
| Married/Living witd a partner |
4790 (66.40) | 2362 (64.07) | 2113 (70.23) | 315 (61.60) | |
| Never married | 1416 (16.98) | 966 (21.42) | 400 (12.02) | 50 (8.64) | |
| Poverty-to-income ratio, n (%) | 0.11 | ||||
| < 1.3 | 2207 (18.59) | 1115 (18.53) | 918 (18.03) | 174 (23.28) | |
| 1.3–3.5 | 2906 (35.76) | 1480 (35.06) | 1208 (36.36) | 218 (38.46) | |
| > 3.5 | 2626 (45.65) | 1415 (46.41) | 1066 (45.61) | 145 (38.26) | |
| Glucose metabolism | |||||
| Fasting glucose, mg/dl | 5.51 (0.01) | 5.11 (0.01) | 5.89 (0.01) | 6.73 (0.05) | < 0.0001 |
| 2hPG, mg/dl | 6.27 (0.04) | 5.23 (0.03) | 6.95 (0.05) | 11.72 (0.16) | < 0.0001 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.39 (0.01) | 5.27 (0.01) | 5.49 (0.01) | 5.93 (0.03) | < 0.0001 |
| HOMA−IR | 2.91 (0.04) | 2.12 (0.04) | 3.65 (0.07) | 5.43 (0.25) | < 0.0001 |
| Lipid metabolism | |||||
| Waist (cm) | 97.98 (0.27) | 93.61 (0.37) | 102.82 (0.38) | 106.79 (0.76) | |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 195.57 (0.68) | 192.71 (0.85) | 198.73 (1.05) | 201.10 (2.26) | < 0.0001 |
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 55.24 (0.25) | 57.33 (0.33) | 52.72 (0.40) | 52.75 (0.91) | < 0.0001 |
| LDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 116.99 (0.55) | 114.49 (0.72) | 119.99 (0.87) | 120.06 (2.16) | < 0.0001 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 116.66 (1.09) | 104.46 (1.09) | 130.02 (1.98) | 141.50 (2.98) | < 0.0001 |
| CVH scores | 66.94 (0.33) | 70.21 (0.39) | 63.50 (0.45) | 59.28 (0.66) | < 0.0001 |
| Healtd behaviors score | 66.79 (0.45) | 67.89 (0.56) | 65.70 (0.60) | 63.69 (0.87) | < 0.001 |
| HEI-2015 diet score | 39.24 (0.64) | 39.32 (0.80) | 39.08 (0.90) | 39.68 (1.60) | 0.95 |
| Physical activity score | 72.84 (0.72) | 76.16 (0.85) | 70.03 (1.14) | 59.99 (2.30) | < 0.0001 |
| Nicotine exposure score | 71.05 (0.78) | 71.37 (1.04) | 70.40 (0.91) | 72.71 (1.95) | 0.29 |
| Sleep healtd score | 84.02 (0.45) | 84.71 (0.55) | 83.29 (0.62) | 82.39 (1.26) | 0.05 |
| Healtd factors score | 67.15 (0.35) | 73.31 (0.45) | 60.56 (0.50) | 53.41 (1.15) | < 0.0001 |
| Body mass index score | 63.24 (0.53) | 70.02 (0.73) | 55.76 (0.82) | 49.80 (1.58) | < 0.0001 |
| Blood lipids score | 65.09 (0.50) | 69.88 (0.59) | 59.79 (0.79) | 55.70 (1.75) | < 0.0001 |
| Blood pressure score | 73.11 (0.50) | 80.02 (0.66) | 66.14 (0.77) | 54.72 (1.66) | < 0.0001 |
NGM, normal glucose metabolism; CVH, cardiovascular health; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; 2hPG, 2 h plasma glucose; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1C; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance; HEI, healthy eating index.
Data were presented as weighted percentages or means (95% confidence intervals).
†P for differences in baseline characteristics among participants with NGM, prediabetes, or diabetes.