Table 2.
Weighted baseline characteristics of participants with NGM, iIFG, iIGT, IFG+IGT and diabetes.
| NGM | iIFG | iIGT | IFG+IGT | Diabetes | P value† | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. of participants | 4010 | 1949 | 444 | 799 | 537 | |
| Age, y, mean (SE) | 42.66 (0.39) | 49.52 (0.52) | 51.62 (1.10) | 57.19 (0.70) | 61.29 (0.79) | < 0.0001 |
| Age, n (%) | ||||||
| 20–44 | 2328 (56.92) | 754 (37.75) | 140 (37.28) | 155 (19.29) | 66 (14.25) | < 0.0001 |
| 45–64 | 1229 (34.00) | 834 (46.69) | 162 (38.26) | 327 (46.98) | 204 (42.22) | |
| ≥ 65 | 453 (9.07) | 361 (15.55) | 142 (24.46) | 317 (33.73) | 267 (43.54) | |
| Sex, n (%) | < 0.0001 | |||||
| Male | 1704 (42.50) | 1228 (62.67) | 180 (38.56) | 407 (51.27) | 283 (50.97) | |
| Female | 2306 (57.50) | 721 (37.33) | 264 (61.44) | 392 (48.73) | 254 (49.03) | |
| Race, n (%) | 0.36 | |||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 1959 (72.35) | 970 (74.17) | 217 (71.55) | 428 (76.36) | 289 (77.87) | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 799 (9.90) | 310 (7.22) | 69 (8.04) | 98 (5.77) | 90 (8.17) | |
| Mexican American | 526 (6.85) | 307 (7.95) | 73 (8.09) | 142 (8.21) | 83 (7.41) | |
| Other Race | 726 (10.89) | 362 (10.65) | 85 (12.32) | 131 (9.65) | 75 (6.55) | |
| Education level, n (%) | 0.65 | |||||
| High school or less | 1503 (31.48) | 898 (39.20) | 217 (39.56) | 413 (42.27) | 302 (48.68) | |
| Some college | 1292 (32.43) | 569 (30.40) | 128 (32.77) | 214 (30.21) | 137 (27.62) | |
| College graduate or above |
1215 (36.09) | 482 (30.39) | 99 (27.67) | 172 (27.52) | 98 (23.70) | |
| Marital status, n (%) | 0.02 | |||||
| Divorced/ Separated/Widowed |
682 (14.51) | 363 (16.10) | 96 (15.78) | 220 (23.32) | 172 (29.76) | |
| Married/Living with a partner |
2362 (64.07) | 1316 (71.51) | 300 (71.15) | 497 (66.26) | 315 (61.60) | |
| Never married | 966 (21.42) | 270 (12.40) | 48 (13.07) | 82 (10.42) | 50 (8.64) | |
| Poverty-to-income ratio, n (%) | 0.11 | |||||
| < 1.3 | 1115 (18.53) | 541 (17.20) | 134 (19.47) | 243 (19.57) | 174 (23.28) | |
| 1.3–3.5 | 1480 (35.06) | 707 (34.99) | 180 (40.80) | 321 (37.78) | 218 (38.46) | |
| > 3.5 | 1415 (46.41) | 701 (47.81) | 130 (39.73) | 235 (42.65) | 145 (38.26) | |
| Glucose metabolism | ||||||
| Fasting glucose, mg/dl | 5.11 (0.01) | 5.94 (0.01) | 5.23 (0.02) | 6.10 (0.02) | 6.73 (0.05) | < 0.0001 |
| 2hPG, mg/dl | 5.23 (0.03) | 5.81 (0.04) | 8.87 (0.05) | 9.08 (0.04) | 11.72 (0.16) | < 0.0001 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.27 (0.01) | 5.46 (0.01) | 5.41 (0.02) | 5.61 (0.02) | 5.93 (0.03) | < 0.0001 |
| HOMA−IR | 2.12 (0.04) | 3.55 (0.10) | 2.77 (0.12) | 4.38 (0.16) | 5.43 (0.25) | < 0.0001 |
| Lipid metabolism | ||||||
| Waist (cm) | 93.61 (0.37) | 102.47 (0.46) | 98.99 (0.89) | 105.85 (0.74) | 106.79 (0.76) | |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 192.71 (0.85) | 197.88 (1.18) | 203.27 (2.37) | 198.66 (1.87) | 201.10 (2.26) | 0.07 |
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 57.33 (0.33) | 52.79 (0.56) | 55.16 (0.89) | 51.25 (0.61) | 52.75 (0.91) | 0.003 |
| LDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 114.49 (0.72) | 120.40 (1.04) | 120.53 (1.94) | 118.61 (1.69) | 120.06 (2.16) | 0.61 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 104.46 (1.09) | 123.44 (2.24) | 137.85 (4.44) | 143.95 (3.61) | 141.50 (2.98) | < 0.0001 |
| CVH scores | 70.21 (0.39) | 64.44 (0.53) | 63.94 (0.85) | 60.69 (0.67) | 59.28 (0.66) | < 0.0001 |
| Health behaviors score | 67.89 (0.56) | 65.88 (0.72) | 65.46 (1.26) | 65.33 (0.90) | 63.69 (0.87) | 0.85 |
| HEI-2015 diet score | 39.32 (0.80) | 37.48 (1.06) | 44.19 (2.32) | 40.77 (1.64) | 39.68 (1.60) | 0.01 |
| Physical activity score | 76.16 (0.85) | 73.52 (1.34) | 61.46 (2.90) | 64.95 (1.82) | 59.99 (2.30) | < 0.0001 |
| Nicotine exposure score | 71.37 (1.04) | 68.81 (1.23) | 74.84 (1.81) | 72.42 (1.65) | 72.71 (1.95) | 0.02 |
| Sleep health score | 84.71 (0.55) | 83.70 (0.71) | 81.35 (1.72) | 83.18 (1.06) | 82.39 (1.26) | 0.4 |
| Health factors score | 73.31 (0.45) | 62.53 (0.64) | 61.90 (1.29) | 54.49 (0.91) | 53.41 (1.15) | < 0.0001 |
| Body mass index score | 70.02 (0.73) | 57.14 (0.99) | 59.90 (2.08) | 49.82 (1.59) | 49.80 (1.58) | < 0.0001 |
| Blood lipids score | 69.88 (0.59) | 61.25 (0.89) | 58.36 (1.79) | 56.54 (1.23) | 55.70 (1.75) | 0.001 |
| Blood pressure score | 80.02 (0.66) | 69.19 (0.97) | 67.45 (1.86) | 57.11 (1.51) | 54.72 (1.66) | < 0.0001 |
NGM, normal glucose metabolism; iIFG, isolated impaired fasting glucose; iIGT, isolated impaired glucose tolerance, IFG+IGT, combined IFG and IGT; CVH, cardiovascular health; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; 2hPG, 2 h plasma glucose; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1C; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance; HEI, healthy eating index.
Data were presented as weighted percentages or means (95% confidence intervals).
†P for differences in baseline characteristics among participants with NGM, iIFG, iIGT, IFG+IGT and diabetes.