Figure 3.

MS-20 distinctly modulated the gut microbiota associated with tumor reduction and CD8⁺ T-cell infiltration.

Note: A 16S RNA sequence analysis was performed to assess the α-diversity (a) and β-diversity (b) of control FMT and MS-20 FMT samples with or without cotreatment with the anti-PD1 antibody. The bacterial compositions of the control FMT and MS-20 FMT samples with or without cotreatment with the anti-PD1 antibody are shown in (c). The key bacteria contributing to anti-PD1 efficacy were determined using LEfSe and compared between the control FMT and MS-20 FMT combined with anti-PD1 cotreatment groups. Bacteria with LDA scores ≥ 2 are shown (d). The correlations of MS-20-regulated bacteria with tumor reduction and CD8⁺ T-cell infiltration were evaluated. A star represents a significant difference (e). The differences were assessed using Student’s t test (a) and permutation testing (b). Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient (ρ) was calculated to assess the relationships among groups (e). n = 8/group. *p ≤ 0.05, **p ≤ 0.01 and ***p ≤ 0.001.