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. 2024 Jul 31;15:6431. doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-50797-w

Fig. 3. 3D printing of CSN ionogels.

Fig. 3

a Viscosity of CSN ionogel precursor solution versus content of [EMIm][DCA]. b Photorheological test to identify the gel point of the CSN ionogel. c Effect of [EMIm][DCA] content on time and energy dosage to gel point of the CSN ionogel. d SEM image of a 3D printed ionogel sample with ultra-thin horizontal width. Scale bar: 100 µm. e SEM image of a Gyroid structure printed with CSN ionogel. Scale bar: 500 μm. f Comparisons on printing resolution, conductivity, and elongation-at-break between the CSN ionogel in this work and other reported 3D printing ionogels. g, h The lattice structure printed with CSN ionogel is highly deformable at (g) 100 °C and (h) −30 °C, respectively. Scale bar: 10 mm. i, j The lattice structure printed with CSN ionogel exhibiting good electrical conductivity at (i) 100 °C and (j) −30 °C, respectively. Scale bar: 10 mm. Data are presented as the mean values ± SD, n = 3 independent samples. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.