. 2024 Feb 12;15(3):389–399. doi: 10.1007/s13340-023-00686-2

Table 1.

Clinical and biochemical parameters of the studied groups

Parameter	GR I Control n = 25	GR II Normoalbuminuria n = 25	GR III Microalbuminuria n = 25	GR IV Macroalbuminuria n = 25	p-value
Age	50 ± 5.31	52.64 ± 6.25	52.76 ± 7.64	55.24 ± 6.25	0.051
Sex (f/m %)	15/10 (60/40)	16/9 (64/36)	14/11 (56/44)	12/13 (48/52)	0.699
Diabetes duration (years)	–	6.72 ± 1.54	8.76 ± 2^b	11.2 ± 2.61^bc	< 0.001^*
SBP (mmHg)	120.7 ± 8	127.5 ± 11	134 ± 9^ab	138 ± 10.5^abc	< 0.001^*
DBP (mmHg)	69.5 ± 4.9	72 ± 5.3	78.2 ± 7.2^ab	82.8 ± 7.9^abc	< 0.001^*
FBG (mg/dl)	86.91 ± 6.98	207.56 ± 58.7^a	229.5 ± 66.7^a	233.4 ± 40.6^a	< 0.001^*
PBG (mg/dl)	113.78 ± 12.37	301 ± 68.4^a	325 ± 63.8^a	334.32 ± 54.54^a	< 0.002^*
HbA1C (%)	5.1 ± 0.2	8.7 ± 1.4^a	10.1 ± 1.2^ab	10.4 ± 1.09^ab	< 0.001^*
ACR (mg/g creatinine)	4.7 ± 1.83	18.49 ± 4.9^a	115.33 ± 59.4^ab	717.3 ± 163.55^abc	< 0.001^*
Cystatin-C (mg/l)	0.79 ± 0.1	0.86 ± 0.14	1.11 ± 0.26^ab	2.3 ± 0.61^abc	< 0.001^*
eGFR (ml/min/1.73m²)	88.03 ± 13.02	77.61 ± 14.8	68.6 ± 15^a	44.2 ± 15.8^abc	< 0.001^*
Creatinine (mg/dl)	1.016 ± 0.13	1.09 ± 0.15	1.25 ± 0.21^ab	1.99 ± 0.65^abc	< 0.001^*
BUN (mg/dl)	14 ± 2.6	17.19 ± 4.21^a	19.06 ± 5.66^a	38 ± 16^abc	< 0.001^*
Na⁺ (mmol/l)	14 0.5 ± 2.5	142.46 ± 2^a	144.52 ± 3.1^ab	141.54 ± 4.77	< 0.001^*
K⁺ (mmol/l)	4.18 ± 0.26	4.09 ± 0.29	4.36 ± 0.56	4.48 ± 0.88	0.068
Cholesterol (mg/dl)	183.26 ± 17.28	208.83 ± 32.95^a	221.4 ± 45.35^a	239.16 ± 64.81^a	< 0.001^*
Triglyceride (mg/dl)	127.48 ± 20.15	160 ± 29.6^a	171.9 ± 42^a	182.72 ± 59.76^a	< 0.001^*
HDL-C (mg/dl)	50.64 ± 6.55	45 ± 7.22^a	42 ± 5.7^a	37.2 ± 5.26^abc	< 0.001^*
LDL-C (mg/dl)	107.12 ± 20.6	131.81 ± 42.46^a	145 ± 50.95^a	165.41 ± 76^a	< 0.001^*
Urinary uromodulin (μg/ml)	18.04 ± 2.72	25.24 ± 3.54^a	33.05 ± 7.98^ab	20.82 ± 2.55^abc	< 0.001^*
uUCR (mg/g creatinine)	12.4 ± 5.5	26.3 ± 10.4^a	40.6 ± 25.7^ab	24.5 ± 17.6^abc	< 0.001^*
Exosomal UMOD gene	0.51(0.21–0.9)	2.87(2.51–3.7)^a	4.75(3.82–9.7)^ab	3.7(2.54–6.7)^ac	< 0.001^*

Clinical parameters represented as mean ± S.D., exosomal UMOD gene represented as median (IQR), significance at p-value (< 0.05), ^ap < 0.05 vs. control group, ^bp < 0.05 vs. normoalbuminuria group (GR II), ^cp < 0.05 vs. microalbuminuria group (GR III)

SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, ACR albumin to creatinine ratio, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, BUN blood urea nitrogen, HDL high-density lipoprotein, LDL low-density lipoprotein, uUCR urinary uromodulin to creatinine ratio