Table 1.
Comparison of the characteristics and isolation rates of P. gingivalis between the two groups
| Characteristics | Control (n = 90) | Insulin resistance (n = 90) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||
| Age/year | 43.1 ± 6.2 | 44.9 ± 6.3 | 0.06a |
| SES (%) | |||
| SES-1 | 23(25.6) | 21(23.3) | |
| SES-2 | 27(30.0) | 26(28.9) | |
| SES-3 | 18(20.0) | 23(25.6) | |
| SES-4 | 6(6.7) | 13(14.4) | |
| SES-5 | 16(17.7) | 7(7.8) | 0.15b |
| Educational attainment (%) | |||
| High school and below | 52(57.8) | 38(42.2) | |
| Undergraduate | 26(28.9) | 34(37.8) | |
| Graduate and above | 12(13.3) | 18(20.0) | 0.11b |
| Sex (%) | |||
| Male | 33 (36.7) | 44 (48.9) | |
| Female | 57 (63.3) | 46 (51.1) | 0.10b |
| Behaviours | |||
| Smoking (%) | 8 (8.9) | 16 (17.8) | 0.08b |
| Alcohol consumption (%) | 12 (13.3) | 19 (21.1) | 0.17b |
| Health related | |||
| Body mass index | 22.5 ± 3.6 | 23.6 ± 4.2 | 0.06a |
| Chronic hypertension (%) | 3 (3.3) | 6 (6.7) | 0.31b |
| Periodontal related | |||
| Diagnosis of periodontitis (%) | 31 (34.4) | 48 (53.3) | 0.01b |
| Plaque index | 1.9 ± 0.6 | 2.0 ± 0.4 | 0.19a |
| Sites with BOP/% | 31.4 ± 12.9 | 33.3 ± 14.4 | 0.35a |
| PPD - Full mouth/mm | 2.0 ± 0.6 | 2.1 ± 0.5 | 0.23a |
| CAL - Full mouth/mm | 1.8 ± 0.5 | 2.0 ± 0.4 | 0.004a |
| Insulin resistance related | |||
| Fasting glucose/ (mmol/L) | 4.86 ± 0.58 | 7.88 ± 1.60 | < 0.001a |
| Fasting insulin/ (µU/mL) | 9.22 ± 2.39 | 13.64 ± 4.09 | < 0.001a |
| HOMA-IR | 1.97 ± 0.49 | 4.65 ± 1.29 | < 0.001a |
| Isolation of P. gingivalis | |||
| Positive (%) | 29 (32.2) | 47 (52.2) | |
| Negative (%) | 61 (67.8) | 43 (47.8) | 0.01b,c |
SES socioeconomic status, BOP bleeding on probing, PPD probing pocket depth, CAL clinical attachment loss; HOMA-IR homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance
at test
bchi-squared test
cthe crude relative risk of P. gingivalis positive isolation to negative isolation was 2.30 (95% CI = 1.26–4.21)