Table 1.
Background characteristics of the participants
| Low-risk (LR) | High-risk (HR) | PD | DLB | p value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LR vs HR | LR vs PD | LR vs DLB | |||||
| Number (M:F) | 37 (26:11) | 82 (65:35) | 84 (44:40) | 16 (8:8) | 0.822a | 0.295 | 0.411 |
| Age, years | 63.8 (5.2) | 64.9 (7.6) | 68.8 (9.4) | 78.4 (5.4) | 0.909b | 0.008 | <0.001 |
| Education, years | 14.2 (1.9) | 13.5 (2.1) | 13.3 (3.0) | 12.4 (3.9) | 0.530b | 0.246 | 0.110 |
| DaT abnormal, % | 3/37 (8.1) | 21/82 (25.6) | 43/43 (100) | 12/12 (100) | 0.028c | ||
| MIBG abnormal, % | 3/37 (8.1) | 15/82 (18.3) | 41/48 (85.4) | 7/9 (77.8) | 0.178c | ||
| DaT and/or MIBG abnormal, % | 3/37 (8.1) | 30/82 (36.6) | 62/62 (100) | 15/15 (100) | <0.001c | ||
| Disease duration, years | NA | NA | 5.9 (4.9) | 3.7 (3.9) | |||
| MoCA-J | 27.1 (2.4) | 26.7 (2.9) | 24.5 (4.0) | 14.7 (6.9) | 0.782d | 0.048 | <0.001 |
| Stroop test part 2 - part 1, sec | 9.7 (4.9) | 12.7 (8.6) | 21.6 (33.7)e | 46.11 (34.70)e | 0.597d | 0.140 | 0.004 |
| Line orientation test | 18.2 (2.3) | 17.0 (2.9) | 15.8 (2.9) | 12.9 (3.8)f | 0.100d | 0.008 | <0.001 |
| Hoehn and Yahr | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 2.1 (0.9) | 2.8 (1.4) | |||
| LEDD | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 403.1 (388.3) | 25.0 (77.5) | |||
| MDS-UPDRS III | 2.2 (2.5) | 4.4 (4.1) | 25.0 (10.3) | 28.9 (22.1) | 0.488d | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Rigidity | 0.2 (0.6) | 0.4 (0.7) | 3.6 (3.1) | 2.6 (2.6) | 0.721d | <0.001 | 0.038 |
| Tremor | 0.4 (0.9) | 0.5 (0.9) | 3.8 (4.2) | 2.0 (5.5) | 0.969d | <0.001 | 0.886 |
| Bradykinesia | 1.4 (1.7) | 2.3 (2.4) | 12.5 (5.6) | 16.3 (10.8) | 0.296d | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Axial signs | 0.2 (0.6) | 1.2 (1.4) | 5.2 (3.8) | 8.1 (6.2) | 0.126d | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| SCOPA-AUT | 1.9 (1.7) | 10.2 (5.1) | 11.6 (8.4) | 13.4 (8.8) | <0.001d | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| SAOQ, % | 99.7 (1.1) | 83.2 (25.9) | 67.9 (36.5) | 56.1 (43.6) | 0.009d | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| RBDSQ | 0.9 (0.9) | 4.6 (2.8) | 4.0 (2.8) | 4.1 (3.1) | <0.001d | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| BDI-II | 2.0 (2.0) | 11.0 (6.9) | 9.8 (6.4) | 10.4 (7.1) | <0.001d | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| ESS | 4.8 (2.8) | 9.3 (4.9) | 7.9 (4.8) | 8.8 (6.2) | <0.001d | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| PDQ-39 summary index | 1.2 (1.5) | 11.4 (8.9) | 19.4 (15.5) | 24.5 (17.4) | <0.001d | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| QUIP | 0.1 (0.4) | 0.8 (1.4) | 0.4 (0.9) | 0.7 (1.7) | 0.004d | 0.164 | 0.066 |
Data represent the mean (standard deviation) or value (%).
PD Parkinson’s disease, DLB Dementia with Lewy bodies, DaT dopamine transporter, MIBG metaiodobenzylguanidine, MoCA-J the Japanese version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment, LEDD Levodopa equivalent daily dose, MDS-UPDRS Movement Disorder Society-Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale, SCOPA-AUT the Japanese version of the Scale for Outcomes in Parkinson’s disease for Autonomic Symptoms, SAOQ Self-administered Odor Question, RBDSQ RBD screening scale, BDI- II Beck Depression Inventory-Second Edition, ESS Epworth Sleepiness Scale, PDQ-39 Parkinson’s Disease Questionnaire-39, QUIP Questionnaire for Impulsive-Compulsive Disorders in Parkinson’s disease.
ap values determined by pairwise comparisons using Fisher’s exact test with Benjamini–Hochberg correction.
bp values determined by a one-way ANOVA with Tukey post-hoc test.
cp values determined by Fisher’s exact test.
dp values determined by analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) adjusted for age and sex with Tukey’s post-hoc test using the Benjamini–Hochberg method.
eTwo patients with PD and three patients with DLB could not complete the Stroop test.
fOne patient with DLB could not complete the line orientation test.