Table 1. Functional organization of various B cells in different tumors.
| Tumors | B cells | Functions | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Esophageal cancers | NBC-NF-κB | Enhance T cell function | (34) |
| MBC-ITGAX | Promote B cell maturation, activation, production of cytokines | (34) | |
| GC1 B | Prompt bad prognosis | (35) | |
| GC2 B | Prompt good prognosis | ||
| Liver cancers | Bn | Contribute to T cell activation | (36) |
| CD27 Sw Bm | Produces antibodies (IgG or IgA) to promote humoral immunity | ||
| PC | Negative regulatory T cells | (37) | |
| Breg | Effectively inhibits tumor-specific T cell immunity, and promote tumor growth through IL-10 | (38) | |
| Increased production of IL-40 and TGF-β promotes tumors progression, thereby reducing TNF-α levels and reducing anti-tumor immune responses | (39) | ||
| Colorectal cancers | MBC | Antigen presentation, chemokine secretion | (40) |
| PC | Secrete a lot of IgG | ||
| Transitional B cells | Suggest loss of immune tolerance | (41) | |
| Plasmablast | Suppressing harmful Th17 inflammation | (42) | |
| Inhibition of IFN-γ and TNF-α | (43) | ||
| IgAIGLC2 PCs | Enhance allograft rejection, IFN-α reaction, IFN-γ reaction and inflammatory reaction of tumor-derived cells | (44) | |
| Gastric cancers | TIGIT B cells | Shape immune invasive structures to promote tumor progression | (45) |
| MALT-B cells | Activation of complement pathway promotes antitumor immunity | (46) | |
| Breg | Inhibit the proliferation of autologous CD4 T cells, inhibit the production of IFN-γ by CD4 T cells, and enhance immune escape | (47) | |
| Pancreatic cancers | IgG1 MBC | Complement activation, binding of Fc receptors on the surface of effector cells and involvement of ADCC | (48) |
| Breg | Secretion of IL-35 promotes immunosuppression and tumor growth | (49) | |
| Expresses high levels of PD-L1, resulting in reduced T cells proliferation and IFN-γ secretion | (50) | ||
| IgG4 PCs | Positively correlated with poor histological grade and overall survival | (51) |
NBC, naive B cell; NF-κB, nuclear factor κB; IL-10, interleukin 10; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor α; MBC, memory B cell; GCB, germinal center B cell; PC, plasma cell; MALT, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue; TIGIT, T-cell immune receptor with immunoglobulin and ITIM domain; ADCC, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity; PD-L1, programmed cell death ligand 1; IFN-γ, interferon γ; TGF-β, transforming growth factor β.