Table 1:
Baseline characteristics of the participants.
| Characteristics | CKD−Gout− | CKD−Gout+ | CKD+Gout− | CKD+Gout+ | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patients, n (%) | 741 839 (87.5) | 21 164 (2.5) | 79 206 (9.3) | 5675 (0.7) | |
| Age (years), mean ± SD | 56.2 ± 11.8 | 57.7 ± 10.7 | 65.4 ± 11.6 | 65.5 ± 10.0 | <.001 |
| Male, n (%) | 464 267 (62.6) | 17 117 (80.9) | 38 841 (49.0) | 4362 (76.9) | <.001 |
| Income (<25%), n (%) | 155 135 (20.9) | 4127 (19.5) | 14 577 (18.4) | 1044 (18.4) | <.001 |
| Smoker | <.001 | ||||
| Non- | 402 664 (54.3) | 9406 (44.4) | 52 765 (66.6) | 3102 (54. 7) | |
| Ex- | 134 154 (18.1) | 5537 (26.2) | 13 495 (17.0) | 1575 (27.8) | |
| Current | 205 021 (27.6) | 6221 (29.4) | 12 946 (16.3) | 998 (17.6) | |
| Drinker | <.001 | ||||
| Non- | 408 254 (55.0) | 9640 (45.6) | 57 082 (72.1) | 3785 (66.7) | |
| Mild | 255 111 (34.4) | 8289 (39.2) | 18 234 (23.0) | 1501 (26.5) | |
| Heavy | 78 474 (10.6) | 3235 (15.3) | 3890 (4.9) | 389 (6.9) | |
| Regular exercise, n (%) | 160 150 (21.6) | 5041 (23.8) | 15 892 (20.1) | 1280 (22.6) | <.001 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 405 796 (54.7) | 14 342 (67.8) | 58 732 (74.2) | 4850 (85.5) | <.001 |
| Dyslipidaemia, n (%) | 292 271 (39.4) | 10 420 (49.2) | 38 312 (48.4) | 3217 (56.7) | <.001 |
| Diabetes duration ≥ 5 years, n (%) | 231 594 (31.2) | 6997 (33.1) | 37 575 (47.4) | 2871 (50.6) | <.001 |
| Insulin use, n (%) | 55 447 (7.5) | 1878 (8.9) | 12 694 (16.0) | 1276 (22.5) | <.001 |
| OHAs ≥3 classes, n (%) | 112 220 (15.1) | 3430 (16.2) | 16 222 (20.5) | 1030 (18.2) | <.001 |
| Metformin | 322 288 (43.4) | 10 217 (48.3) | 39 552 (49.9) | 2454 (43.2) | <.001 |
| SU | 348131 (46.9) | 10 732 (50.7) | 45 859 (57.9) | 3311 (58.3) | <.001 |
| Meglitinides | 13 683 (1.8) | 457 (2.2) | 2908 (3.7) | 349 (6.2) | <.001 |
| TZD | 57 821 (7.8) | 1908 (9.0) | 6869 (8.7) | 547 (9.6) | <.001 |
| DPP4i | 23 045 (3.1) | 782 (3.7) | 2367 (3.0) | 176 (3.1) | <.001 |
| AGI | 100028 (13.5) | 3125 (14.8) | 16 563 (20.9) | 1274 (22.5) | <.001 |
| SBP (mmHg), mean ± SD | 129.0 ± 15.8 | 130.3 ± 15.6 | 130.8 ± 16.9 | 131.3 ± 17.2 | <.001 |
| DBP (mmHg), mean ± SD | 79.3 ± 10.2 | 80.2 ± 10.3 | 78.4 ± 10.5 | 78.6 ± 11.1 | <.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2), mean ± SD | 25.0 ± 3.3 | 25.7 ± 3.3 | 24.9 ± 3.3 | 25.3 ± 3.2 | <.001 |
| Glucose (mg/dl), mean ± SD | 147.7 ± 49.5 | 140.4 ± 46.1 | 142.2 ± 53.2 | 133.1 ± 48.9 | <.001 |
| eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2), mean ± SD | 89.8 ± 15.4 | 86.1 ± 15.4 | 41.3 ± 19.7 | 40.7 ± 17.4 | <.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dl), mean ± SD | 197.9 ± 42.3 | 194.3 ± 44.3 | 195.7 ± 45.0 | 187.4 ± 45.5 | <.001 |
| HDL (mg/dl), mean ± SD | 52.3 ± 25.3 | 50.7 ± 22.4 | 55.3 ± 52.7 | 49.4 ± 36.7 | <.001 |
| LDL (mg/dl), mean ± SD | 111.1 ± 43.2 | 103.2 ± 42.3 | 111.0 ± 42.6 | 102.5 ± 42.8 | <.001 |
| TG (mg/dl), mean (95% CI) | 149.01 (148.81–149.21) | 169.42 (168.04–170.82) | 151.36 (150.78–151.93) | 164.04 (161.66–166.46) | <.001 |
DBP: diastolic blood pressure; SBP: systolic blood pressure; SD: standard deviation.