Table 3.
Unadjusted and adjusted ORs for having probable and possible developmental delay for children aged 18 months to 5 years old
| Unadjusted odds of possible vs unlikely developmental delay | Adjusted odds of possible vs unlikely developmental delay | Unadjusted odds of probable vs unlikely developmental delay | Adjusted odds of probable vs unlikely developmental delay | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Child characteristics | ||||
| Age† | 1.19 (1.09 to 1.30)*** | 1.19 (1.09 to 1.29)*** | 1.40 (1.26 to 1.55)*** | 1.41 (1.27 to 1.56)*** |
| Sex | ||||
| Female‡ | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Male | 1.31 (1.07 to 1.61)** | 1.35 (1.11 to 1.64)** | 1.46 (1.17 to 1.82)** | 1.55 (1.23 to 1.94)*** |
| Birth weight | ||||
| Normal‡ | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Low | 1.59 (1.08 to 2.34)* | 1.56 (1.05 to 2.30)* | 2.22 (1.55 to 3.19)*** | 2.08 (1.49 to 2.90)*** |
| Ethnicity, race and primary household language | ||||
| Non-Hispanic White‡ | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 1.39 (1.03 to 1.87)* | 1.21 (0.88 to 1.67) | 2.18 (1.68 to 2.83)*** | 1.50 (1.12 to 2.02)** |
| Hispanic—English-speaking household | 1.31 (0.84 to 2.05) | 1.21 (0.80 to 1.85) | 1.77 (1.12 to 2.82)* | 1.56 (0.98 to 2.49) |
| Hispanic—non-English-speaking household | 1.77 (1.23 to 2.55)** | 1.63 (1.13 to 2.35)** | 3.78 (2.64 to 5.40)*** | 2.53 (1.75 to 3.66)*** |
| Non-Hispanic Multiracial | 1.06 (0.70 to 1.61) | 1.06 (0.69 to 1.61) | 1.23 (0.75 to 2.03) | 1.13 (0.70 to 1.81) |
| Non-Hispanic Other | 0.94(0.65 to 1.36) | 0.97 (0.66 to 1.43) | 2.03 (1.36 to 3.04)** | 1.89 (1.27 to 2.82)** |
| Household characteristics | ||||
| Household income (decreasing % of poverty level)§ | 1.13 (1.03 to 1.24)* | 1.03 (0.93 to 1.15) | 1.46 (1.33 to 1.61)*** | 1.33 (1.19 to 1.49)*** |
| Out of home, non-relative care arrangement | ||||
| <10 h/week of out-of-home care by non-relative‡ | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| >10 h/week by daycare center | 0.97 (0.78 to 1.20) | 0.96 (0.77 to 1.21) | 0.96 (0.77 to 1.20) | 1.05 (0.84 to 1.33) |
| >10 h/week at some other home | 1.00 (0.76 to 1.33) | 1.10 (0.83 to 1.47) | 1.34 (0.83 to 2.17) | 1.71 (1.12 to 2.62)* |
| Current insurance Status¶ | ||||
| Non-public‡ | 1.00 | ¶ | 1.00 | ¶ |
| Medicaid/SCHIP | 1.32 (1.05 to 1.64)* | ¶ | 2.34 (1.85 to 2.96)*** | ¶ |
| Uninsured | 1.07 (0.71 to 1.60) | ¶ | 1.63 (1.14 to 2.33)** | ¶ |
| Consistency of insurance¶ | ||||
| Insured all year‡ | 1.00 | ¶ | 1.00 | ¶ |
| Insured part of year | 1.02 (0.70 to 1.48) | ¶ | 0.95 (0.72 to 1.25) | ¶ |
| Uninsured all year | 1.24 (0.76 to 2.02) | ¶ | 1.74 (1.05 to 2.88)* | ¶ |
| Highest level of parent/ guardian education¶ | ||||
| More than high school‡ | 1.00 | ¶ | 1.00 | ¶ |
| High school | 1.06 (0.83 to 1.36) | ¶ | 1.91 (1.46 to 2.50) | ¶ |
| Less than high school | 1.67 (1.09 to 2.55)* | ¶ | 3.52 (2.46 to 5.03)*** | ¶ |
| Family structure | ||||
| Two parent biological/adopted‡ | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Two parent step-family | 1.55 (0.75 to 3.24) | 1.34 (0.63 to 2.82) | 1.37 (0.86 to 2.18) | 0.97 (0.57 to 1.66) |
| Single mother, no father present | 1.37 (1.02 to 1.83)* | 1.24 (0.91 to 1.70) | 1.52 (1.18 to 1.95)** | 1.02 (0.76 to 1.36) |
| Other | 1.17 (0.73 to 1.88) | 1.20 (0.75 to 1.90) | 1.55 (1.07 to 2.22)* | 1.26 (0.82 to 1.83) |
| Geographic location | ||||
| US Census region | ||||
| Northeast‡ | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Midwest | 1.01 (0.80 to 1.27) | 1.03 (0.82 to 1.31) | 0.65 (0.50 to 0.85)** | 0.71 (0.53 to 0.94)* |
| South | 1.14 (0.91 to 1.44) | 1.11 (0.87 to 1.41) | 0.88 (0.69 to 1.14) | 0.86 (0.65 to 1.13) |
| West | 1.16 (0.83 to 1.63) | 1.09 (0.78 to 1.53) | 0.85 (0.58 to 1.25) | 0.72 (0.49 to 1.06) |
| Metropolitan statistical area (MSA) | ||||
| MSA‡ | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Non-MSA | 0.94 (0.77 to 1.14) | 0.95 (0.77 to 1.16) | 0.77 (0.61 to 0.96)* | 0.79 (0.62 to 1.02) |
*
p<0.05.
**
p<0.01.
***
p<0.001.
†
Age groups of 18 months–2 years, 3 years, 4 years and 5 years are treated continuously. Odds represent the odds per increase in age group.
‡
Reference group.
§
Household income (percentage of poverty level) groups of ≤100%, >100–200%, >200–400%, >400% of the poverty level were treated continuously, such that odds greater than 1 represent increased odds of probable or possible delay per decrease in household income group.
¶
Not included in multivariate multinomial regression model.