Table 1.
Patient Demographic and Clinical Characteristics
| Variables | Summary statistics | P values (Holm adj.) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control N=20* | HFpEF N=33* | HFrEF N=28* | Control vs HFpEF | Control vs HFrEF | HFpEF vs HFrEF | |
| Female, n (%) | 12 (60) | 18 (55) | 16 (57) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Age, y | 41 (31–52) | 62 (50–70) | 53 (47–62) | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.05 |
| Height, cm | 165 (8) | 162 (8) | 163 (8) | 0.25 | 0.40 | 0.24 |
| Weight, kg | 66 (10) | 82 (15) | 80 (12) | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.56 |
| Body surface area | 1.73 (0.15) | 1.87 (0.18) | 1.86 (0.14) | <0.01 | 0.013 | 0.78 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 24.1 (3.3) | 31.2 (5.9) | 30.2 (5.2) | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.49 |
| Hemodynamic data | ||||||
| Resting heart rate, bpm | 80 (12) | 70 (12) | 80 (14) | 0.01 | 0.27 | 0.01 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 110 (19) | 140 (17) | 130 (23) | <0.01 | 0.15 | <0.01 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 80 (8) | 90 (11) | 80 (12) | <0.01 | 0.34 | <0.01 |
| NYHA functional class | ||||||
| Class II | 0 (0) | 14 (42.4) | 17 (60.8) | |||
| Class III | 0 (0) | 19 (57.6) | 11 (39.2) | |||
| Comorbidities | ||||||
| Hypertension | 0 (0) | 29 (91) | 21 (75) | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.20 |
| Diabetes | 0 (0) | 22 (69) | 12 (43) | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.08 |
| Dyslipidemia | 0 (0) | 24 (75) | 21 (75) | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.9 |
| Smoking | 0 (0) | 8 (25) | 7 (25) | 0.07 | 0.07 | 1.00 |
| History of myocardial infarction | 0 (0) | 3 (9) | 4 (14) | 0.47 | 0.50 | 0.31 |
| History of atrial fibrillation (permanent or paroxysmal) | 0 (0) | 10 (30) | 3 (11) | 0.05 | 0.36 | 0.18 |
| History of prior revascularization (PCI or CABG) | 0 (0) | 6 (18.2) | 2 (7.1) | 0.34 | 0.63 | 0.56 |
| Heart failure pathogenesis | ||||||
| Ischemic | 0 (0) | 10 (31) | 9 (32) | <0.01 | 0.16 | 0.06 |
| Not ischemic | 0 (0) | 23 (69) | 19 (67) | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.06 |
| H2FPEF score (points) | 0 (0) | 4.5 (1–8) | … | … | … | … |
| Heart failure pharmacotherapy | ||||||
| Blocker | 0 (0) | 26 (81) | 28 (100) | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.05 |
| ARNI/ACEI/ARB | 0 (0) | 29 (87) | 28 (100) | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.42 |
| ARNI | 0 (0) | 2 (6.1) | 16 (57) | 0.71 | <0.01 | <0.01 |
| ACEI | 0 (0) | 9 (27) | 3 (11) | 0.09 | 0.36 | 0.29 |
| ARB | 0 (0) | 18 (55) | 9 (32) | <0.01 | 0.02 | 0.13 |
| Diuretics | 0 (0) | 24 (75) | 28 (100) | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.01 |
| Aldosterone antagonist | 0 (0) | 11 (34) | 19 (68) | 0.01 | <0.01 | 0.02 |
| Aspirin | 0 (0) | 11 (34) | 7 (25) | 0.03 | 0.07 | 0.61 |
| Statins | 0 (0) | 24 (75) | 21 (75) | <0.01 | <0.01 | 1.00 |
| Oral hypoglycemic agent | 0 (0) | 22 (69) | 11 (39) | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.04 |
| Insulin | 0 (0) | 6 (18) | 6 (21) | 0.17 | 0.17 | 1.00 |
| Warfarin | 0 (0) | 10 (30) | 3 (11) | 0.05 | 0.36 | 0.18 |
| Biomarkers | ||||||
| High‐sensitive troponin T, ng/dL | 3 (3–6) | 10 (7–16) | 13 (7–19) | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.37 |
| NT‐proBNP, pg/mL | 40 (19–50) | 248 (79–574) | 743 (250–2054) | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 |
| Laboratory testing | ||||||
| Hemoglobin, mg/dL | 14.27 (1.37) | 13.63 (1.28) | 13.69 (1.33) | 0.28 | 0.28 | 0.86 |
| Hematocrit, mg/dL | 42.4 (4.5) | 40.8 (3.5) | 40.7 (3.4) | 0.34 | 0.34 | 0.87 |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 0.83 (0.15) | 0.94 (0.30) | 1.02 (0.35) | 0.36 | 0.09 | 0.36 |
| Urea, mg/dL | 32 (8) | 41 (12) | 41 (15) | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.93 |
| Glucose, mg/dL | 84 (4) | 135 (77) | 118 (48) | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.28 |
| Serum potassium, mEq/L | 4.30 (0.26) | 4.50 (0.36) | 4.38 (0.26) | 0.10 | 0.38 | 0.32 |
| Glycated hemoglobin, % | 5.16 (0.3) | 6.67 (1.3) | 6.73 (2.4) | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.89 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 215 (41) | 167 (43) | 165 (47) | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.85 |
| High‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, mg/dL | 59 (13) | 41 (10) | 40 (13) | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.86 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 128 (113) | 194 (138) | 162 (97) | 0.19 | 0.62 | 0.62 |
| Resting ECG findings | ||||||
| Atrial fibrillation | 0 (0%) | 6 (20%) | 9 (32%) | 0.45 | 0.39 | 0.45 |
| LV hypertrophy (ECG) | 0 (0%) | 6 (20%) | 9 (32%) | 0.45 | 0.39 | 0.45 |
| T inversion | 6 (40%) | 11 (33%) | 8 (29%) | 0.90 | 0.90 | 0.90 |
| ST deviation | 6 (40%) | 5 (15%) | 1 (3.6%) | 0.19 | 0.02 | 0.28 |
| QRS duration, ms | 68 (18) | 82 (20) | 127 (50) | 0.26 | <0.01 | <0.01 |
| QT duration, ms | 330 (54) | 366 (46) | 395 (72) | 0.11 | <0.01 | 0.11 |
| Premature ventricular complex | 0 (0) | 1 (3.2) | 0 (0) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Premature atrial complex | 0 (0) | 3 (9.1) | 12 (43) | 0.69 | 0.03 | 0.02 |
| Left‐bundle branch block | 3 (25) | 0 (0) | 1 (3.6) | 0.07 | 0.20 | 0.93 |
| Right‐bundle branch block | 0 (0) | 6 (20) | 9 (32) | 0.4 | 0.39 | 0.45 |
ACEI indicates angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; ARNI, angiotensin receptor–neprilysin inhibitor; CABG, coronary artery bypass graft surgery; H2FPEF, heavy, hypertensive, atrial fibrillation, pulmonary hypertension, elder, filling pressure; HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HFrEF, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; hs‐cTnT, high‐sensitivity cardiac troponin T; IQR, interquartile range; LV, left ventricular; NT‐proBNP, N‐terminal pro‐B‐type natriuretic peptide; NYHA, New York Heart Association; and PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention.
*
n (%); median (IQR); mean (SD).