Table 1.
Study Population Characteristics by Resource Density Among Stroke Survivors 2009–2019 (N=1786)*
| Characteristics | Overall (N=1786) | Resource density | P value† | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <15.9 (n=452) | 15.9–39.5 (n=441) | 39.5–71.7 (n=449) | >71.7 (n=444) | |||
| Resource density, median (IQR) | 39.5 (15.9–71.7) | 5.8 (3.4–12.0) | 27.5 (22.9–33.0) | 56.5 (48.0–63.5) | 88.8 (78.4–111.5) | <0.0001 |
| Age, y, median (IQR) | 64.0 (56.0–73.0) | 65.0 (57.0–73.0) | 64.0 (56.0–73.0) | 64.0 (56.0–73.0) | 64.0 (56.0–74.0) | 0.5168 |
| Age, y, quartiles, n (%) | 0.6049 | |||||
| <56 | 406 (23) | 99 (22) | 98 (22) | 110 (25) | 99 (22) | |
| 56–64 | 440 (25) | 99 (22) | 121 (27) | 99 (22) | 110 (25) | |
| 64–73 | 460 (26) | 131 (29) | 108 (25) | 131 (29) | 107 (24) | |
| ≥73 | 480 (27) | 123 (27) | 114 (26) | 115 (26) | 128 (29) | |
| Sex, n (%) | 0.3648 | |||||
| Male | 982 (55) | 252 (56) | 238 (54) | 260 (58) | 232 (52) | |
| Female | 804 (45) | 200 (44) | 203 (46) | 189 (42) | 212 (48) | |
| Race and ethnicity, n (%) | <0.0001 | |||||
| Mexican American | 1114 (62) | 266 (59) | 234 (53) | 342 (76) | 272 (61) | |
| Non‐Hispanic White | 672 (38) | 186 (41) | 207 (47) | 107 (24) | 172 (39) | |
| Education attainment, n (%) | 0.3949 | |||||
| Less than high school | 541 (30) | 137 (30) | 117 (27) | 152 (34) | 135 (30) | |
| High school | 535 (30) | 139 (31) | 134 (30) | 127 (28) | 135 (30) | |
| Greater than high school | 710 (40) | 176 (39) | 190 (43) | 170 (38) | 174 (39) | |
| Health insurance status, n (%) | 0.7576 | |||||
| Insured | 1445 (82) | 372 (84) | 358 (82) | 360 (81) | 355 (82) | |
| No insurance | 316 (18) | 73 (16) | 78 (18) | 85 (19) | 80 (18) | |
|
Modified Rankin Scale score, n (%) ‡ |
0.5504 | |||||
| No disability | 622 (35) | 171 (38) | 154 (36) | 157 (35) | 140 (32) | |
| No significant disability | 317 (18) | 69 (16) | 82 (19) | 84 (19) | 82 (19) | |
| Slight disability | 585 (33) | 152 (34) | 135 (31) | 144 (32) | 154 (35) | |
| Moderate disability | 154 (9) | 41 (9) | 39 (9) | 36 (8) | 38 (9) | |
| Moderately severe to severe disability | 84 (5) | 13 (3) | 24 (6) | 25 (6) | 22 (5) | |
| IQCODE, median (IQR) | 3.0 (3.0–3.2) | 3.0 (3.0–3.1) | 3.0 (3.0–3.1) | 3.0 (3.0–3.2) | 3.0 (3.0–3.3) | 0.0030 |
| Depression, n (%)‡ | 0.3318 | |||||
| No depression | 1175 (66) | 314 (70) | 283 (64) | 292 (66) | 286 (65) | |
| Depression diagnosis or antidepressant use | 595 (34) | 136 (30) | 157 (36) | 150 (34) | 152 (35) | |
| Comorbid score, median (IQR) | 2.0 (1.0–3.0) | 2.0 (1.0–3.0) | 2.0 (1.0–3.0) | 3.0 (1.0–4.0) | 2.0 (1.0–3.0) | 0.5264 |
| Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, n (%) | 2 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
| Atrial fibrillation, n (%) | 180 (10) | 44 (10) | 55 (12) | 37 (8) | 44 (10) | 0.2093 |
| Cancer, n (%) | 189 (11) | 52 (12) | 58 (13) | 30 (7) | 49 (11) | 0.0129 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, n (%) | 186 (10) | 45 (10) | 53 (12) | 45 (10) | 43 (10) | 0.6492 |
| Coronary heart disease or myocardial infarction, n (%) | 425 (24) | 116 (26) | 101 (23) | 117 (26) | 91 (21) | 0.1720 |
| Dementia or Alzheimer disease, n (%) | 44 (2) | 8 (2) | 11 (2) | 11 (2) | 14 (3) | 0.6180 |
| Diabetes, n (%)‡ | 816 (46) | 195 (43) | 196 (44) | 224 (50) | 201 (45) | 0.1968 |
| End‐stage renal disease, n (%) | 50 (3) | 7 (2) | 11 (2) | 15 (3) | 17 (4) | 0.1746 |
| Epilepsy, n (%) | 34 (2) | 8 (2) | 8 (2) | 8 (2) | 10 (2) | 0.9429 |
| Heart failure, n (%) | 108 (6) | 29 (6) | 27 (6) | 30 (7) | 22 (5) | 0.7143 |
| Hyperlipidemia, n (%) | 825 (46.2) | 207 (46) | 203 (46) | 224 (50) | 191 (43) | 0.2307 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 1416 (79) | 366 (81) | 347 (79) | 363 (81) | 340 (77) | 0.3168 |
| Parkinson disease, n (%) | 13 (1) | 2 (0) | 3 (1) | 5 (1) | 3 (1) | |
| Excessive alcohol use, n (%) | 139 (8) | 35 (8) | 37 (8) | 27 (6) | 40 (9) | 0.3740 |
| Smoking status, n (%)‡ | 0.0889 | |||||
| Never smoked | 1017 (57) | 269 (60) | 229 (52) | 259 (58) | 260 (59) | |
| Ever smoker | 767 (43) | 182 (40) | 212 (48) | 190 (42) | 183 (41) | |
| Marital status, n (%)‡ | 0.1506 | |||||
| Single/never married | 162 (9) | 27 (6) | 47 (11) | 41 (9) | 47 (11) | |
| Married/living with someone | 902 (51) | 237 (52) | 225 (51) | 234 (52) | 206 (46) | |
| Widowed | 315 (18) | 81 (18) | 67 (15) | 76 (17) | 91 (21) | |
| Divorced/Separated | 407 (23) | 107 (24) | 102 (23) | 98 (22) | 100 (23) | |
| Social support scale, mean ±SD | 9.2±3.2 | 9.2±3.1 | 9.1±3.2 | 9.2±3.3 | 9.2±3.2 | 0.9401 |
| Neighborhood disadvantage score, mean ±SD | 0.12±0.06 | 0.12±0.08 | 0.11±0.06 | 0.13±0.06 | 0.14±0.05 | <0.0001 |
| Neighborhood affluence score, mean ±SD | 0.26±0.14 | 0.29±0.14 | 0.28±0.15 | 0.23±0.15 | 0.23±0.11 | <0.0001 |
| Stroke type, n (%) | 0.4196 | |||||
| Ischemic | 1623 (91) | 419 (93) | 401 (91) | 403 (90) | 400 (90) | |
| Intracerebral hemorrhage | 163 (9) | 33 (7) | 40 (9) | 46 (10) | 44 (10) | |
| Stroke severity (NIHSS), n (%) | 0.0697 | |||||
| Mild (<5) | 1318 (74) | 351 (78) | 317 (73) | 337 (75) | 313 (71) | |
| Moderate–Severe (≥5) | 456 (26) | 98 (22) | 120 (28) | 110 (25) | 128 (29) | |
| Stroke recurrence, n (%) | 0.3611 | |||||
| Censored | 1581 (89) | 409 (91) | 391 (89) | 396 (88) | 385 (87) | |
| Second stroke | 205 (12) | 43 (10) | 50 (11) | 53 (12) | 59 (13) | |
| Days of follow‐up for recurrence,§ median (IQR) | 1222.0 (502.0–2152.0) | 1164.5 (490.0–2085.0) | 965.0 (468.0–1871.0) | 1068.0 (467.0–1771.0) | 1660.5 (724.0–2715.5) | <0.0001 |
| All‐cause death, n (%) | 0.0431 | |||||
| Censored | 1345 (75) | 355 (79) | 331 (75) | 345 (77) | 314 (71) | |
| Expired | 441 (25) | 97 (22) | 110 (25) | 104 (23) | 130 (29) | |
| Days of follow‐up for death,‖ median (IQR) | 1379.5 (617.0–2294.0) | 1295.0 (600.5–2158.5) | 1129.0 (552.0–2001.0) | 1234.0 (540.0–1903.0) | 1950.0 (970.0–2.847.5) | <0.0001 |
| ADL/IADL score, median (IQR)** | 1.8 (1.2–2.5) | 1.7 (1.2–2.5) | 1.7 (1.2–2.4) | 1.9 (1.3–2.5) | 1.8 (1.2–2.5) | 0.5569 |
| 3MSE score, median (IQR)¶ | 81.0 (73.0–85.0) | 80.0 (73.0–85.0) | 81.0 (74.0–85.0) | 80.0 (70.0–84.0) | 81.0 (73.0–86.0) | 0.1871 |
| SS‐QoL score, median (IQR)# | 3.8 (2.8–4.5) | 3.7 (2.8–4.5) | 3.8 (2.9–4.6) | 3.7 (2.8–4.4) | 3.8 (2.9–4.4) | 0.4486 |
| PHQ‐8 score, median (IQR)** | 5.0 (1.0–11.0) | 5.0 (1.0–10.0) | 4.0 (1.0–10.0) | 6.0 (3.0–12.0) | 5.0 (1.0–11.0) | 0.0788 |
3MSE indicates Modified Mini‐Mental State Examination; ADL/IADL, activities of daily living/instrumental activities of daily living; IQCODE, Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly; IQR, interquartile range; NIHSS, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale; PHQ‐8, Patient Health Questionnaire 8; SS‐QoL, abbreviated Stroke Specific Quality of Life Scale.
*
Numbers relate to analytic population for death/recurrence, unless otherwise noted. Other populations are similar.
†
χ2 or ANOVA test. For categorical variables where expected cell count was <5 for >50% of cells, P value associated with χ2 test is not provided as test is likely not valid.
‡
Some participants missing data.
§
Censored at death or December 31, 2019.
‖
Censored at December 31, 2019.
¶
ADL/IADL and 3MSE population (2009–2019; N=1284).
#
SS‐QoL population (2010–2019; N=1189).
**
PHQ‐8 population (2011–2019; N=1086).