Figure 1.

Preoperative changes in neuropsychological performance. (A) Cross-sectional trajectories in FSIQ across different aetiologies. A single preoperative assessment was included for each patient. If patients had more than one preoperative assessment, the assessment closest to surgery was chosen. Linear modelling was fitted to all data-points (dashed line); shaded area represents the 95% confidence interval. (B) Longitudinal trajectories in FSIQ across different aetiologies. Only patients with two or more preoperative assessments were included in the visualization. All preoperative assessments were included for each patient. Linear modelling was fitted to all data-points (dotted line); shaded area represents the 95% confidence interval. One patient, diagnosed with a tumour, had an FSIQ score available prior to epilepsy onset. (C) Individual change in preoperative FSIQ. The distribution of change scores is represented using a density plot. The change score for each patient was computed by subtracting the first preoperative score for the patient from their last preoperative score. The median change score is displayed with a dashed purple line. Only patients with two or more preoperative assessments were included in the visualization (patients with unknown aetiology were also included). See Supplementary Fig. 1 for verbal IQ, performance IQ, working memory, processing speed, reading, spelling and numeracy. FCD = focal cortical dysplasia; FSIQ = full-scale IQ; MCD = malformation of cortical development; MTS = mesial temporal sclerosis.