Table 1.
The characteristics of participants with or without asthma
| Asthma | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | Total (n = 945) | No (n = 795) | Yes (n = 150) | Statistics | P |
| Age, years, Mean ± S.E | 14.51 ± 0.10 | 14.54 ± 0.10 | 14.35 ± 0.20 | t = -0.996 | 0.324 |
| Gender, n (%) | χ2 = 1.104 | 0.299 | |||
| Female | 476(50.39) | 397(49.50) | 79(55.24) | ||
| Male | 469(49.61) | 398(50.50) | 71(44.76) | ||
| Race, n (%) | χ2 = 3.358 | 0.023 | |||
| Non-Hispanic White | 231(49.20) | 192(49.72) | 39(46.32) | ||
| Non-Hispanic Black | 264(15.53) | 199(13.60) | 65(26.18) | ||
| Mexican American | 225(17.15) | 201(17.59) | 24(14.73) | ||
| Others | 225(18.12) | 203(19.09) | 22(12.77) | ||
| Higher parents’ educational level, n (%) | χ2 = 2.617 | 0.065 | |||
| Less than high school degree | 197(14.88) | 176(15.60) | 21(10.88) | ||
| High school grade/GED or equivalent | 220(20.52) | 185(20.46) | 35(20.87) | ||
| Some college or AA degree | 323(36.34) | 256(33.73) | 67(50.71) | ||
| College graduate or above | 205(28.26) | 178(30.21) | 27(17.54) | ||
| Poverty-to-income ratio, n (%) | χ2 = 4.495 | 0.039 | |||
| ≤ 3.5 | 790(77.41) | 654(75.39) | 136(88.52) | ||
| > 3.5 | 155(22.59) | 141(24.61) | 14(11.48) | ||
| Family history of asthma, n (%) | χ2 = 18.622 | < 0.001 | |||
| No | 589(61.50) | 539(66.51) | 50(33.93) | ||
| Yes | 356(38.50) | 256(33.49) | 100(66.07) | ||
| Hay fever, n (%) | χ2 = 40.764 | < 0.001 | |||
| No | 885(92.70) | 769(95.91) | 116(75.01) | ||
| Yes | 60(7.30) | 26(4.09) | 34(24.99) | ||
| Maternal smoking during pregnancy, n (%) | χ2 = 0.376 | 0.543 | |||
| No | 875(89.46) | 738(89.10) | 137(91.46) | ||
| Yes | 70(10.54) | 57(10.90) | 13(8.54) | ||
| Low birth weight, n (%) | χ2 = 1.132 | 0.326 | |||
| No | 533(54.82) | 449(54.64) | 84(55.86) | ||
| Yes | 84(7.92) | 65(7.34) | 19(11.13) | ||
| Unknown | 328(37.26) | 281(38.02) | 47(33.01) | ||
| Height, cm, Mean ± S.E | 165.55 ± 0.50 | 165.70 ± 0.54 | 164.71 ± 1.29 | t = -0.718 | 0.476 |
| Weight, kg, Mean ± S.E | 80.55 ± 0.97 | 80.37 ± 0.98 | 81.53 ± 2.43 | t = 0.475 | 0.637 |
| BMI, kg/m2, Mean ± S.E | 29.20 ± 0.25 | 29.07 ± 0.25 | 29.90 ± 0.71 | t = 1.174 | 0.247 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL, n (%) | χ2 = 1.300 | 0.260 | |||
| < 200 | 858(87.64) | 727(88.53) | 131(82.74) | ||
| ≥ 200 | 87(12.36) | 68(11.47) | 19(17.26) | ||
| HDL-C, mg/dL, n (%) | χ2 = 0.002 | 0.968 | |||
| > 35 | 856(88.24) | 718(88.27) | 138(88.09) | ||
| ≤ 35 | 89(11.76) | 77(11.73) | 12(11.91) | ||
| LDL-C, mg/dL, n (%) | χ2 = 0.252 | 0.774 | |||
| < 130 | 401(36.79) | 339(36.97) | 62(35.77) | ||
| ≥ 130 | 27(2.65) | 21(2.45) | 6(3.74) | ||
| Unknown | 517(60.56) | 435(60.58) | 82(60.49) | ||
| Triglyceride, mg/dL, n (%) | χ2 = 0.601 | 0.541 | |||
| < 150 | 381(35.56) | 321(35.90) | 60(33.66) | ||
| ≥ 150 | 47(3.88) | 39(3.52) | 8(5.84) | ||
| Unknown | 517(60.56) | 435(60.58) | 82(60.50) | ||
| HOMA-IR, n (%) | χ2 = 3.862 | 0.033 | |||
| < 4.39 | 237(21.90) | 203(22.86) | 34(16.62) | ||
| ≥ 4.39 | 191(17.22) | 154(15.31) | 37(27.68) | ||
| Unknown | 517(60.88) | 438(61.83) | 79(55.70) | ||
| Total energy, kcal/day, Mean ± S.E | 1914.62 ± 37.80 | 1914.00 ± 40.61 | 1918.04 ± 99.67 | t = 0.038 | 0.970 |
| Healthy lifestyle, n (%) | χ2 = 5.255 | 0.009 | |||
| Poor | 56(6.31) | 40(5.18) | 16(12.55) | ||
| Intermediate | 652(67.45) | 547(67.00) | 105(69.97) | ||
| Good | 237(26.24) | 208(27.82) | 29(17.48) | ||
S.E standard error, HDL-C high density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C low density lipoprotein cholesterol, HOMA-IR homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance