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. 2024 Jul 31;24:489. doi: 10.1186/s12887-024-04967-w

Table 1.

The characteristics of participants with or without asthma

Asthma
Variables Total (n = 945) No (n = 795) Yes (n = 150) Statistics P
Age, years, Mean ± S.E 14.51 ± 0.10 14.54 ± 0.10 14.35 ± 0.20 t = -0.996 0.324
Gender, n (%) χ2 = 1.104 0.299
Female 476(50.39) 397(49.50) 79(55.24)
Male 469(49.61) 398(50.50) 71(44.76)
Race, n (%) χ2 = 3.358 0.023
Non-Hispanic White 231(49.20) 192(49.72) 39(46.32)
Non-Hispanic Black 264(15.53) 199(13.60) 65(26.18)
Mexican American 225(17.15) 201(17.59) 24(14.73)
Others 225(18.12) 203(19.09) 22(12.77)
Higher parents’ educational level, n (%) χ2 = 2.617 0.065
Less than high school degree 197(14.88) 176(15.60) 21(10.88)
High school grade/GED or equivalent 220(20.52) 185(20.46) 35(20.87)
Some college or AA degree 323(36.34) 256(33.73) 67(50.71)
College graduate or above 205(28.26) 178(30.21) 27(17.54)
Poverty-to-income ratio, n (%) χ2 = 4.495 0.039
 ≤ 3.5 790(77.41) 654(75.39) 136(88.52)
 > 3.5 155(22.59) 141(24.61) 14(11.48)
Family history of asthma, n (%) χ2 = 18.622  < 0.001
No 589(61.50) 539(66.51) 50(33.93)
Yes 356(38.50) 256(33.49) 100(66.07)
Hay fever, n (%) χ2 = 40.764  < 0.001
No 885(92.70) 769(95.91) 116(75.01)
Yes 60(7.30) 26(4.09) 34(24.99)
Maternal smoking during pregnancy, n (%) χ2 = 0.376 0.543
No 875(89.46) 738(89.10) 137(91.46)
Yes 70(10.54) 57(10.90) 13(8.54)
Low birth weight, n (%) χ2 = 1.132 0.326
No 533(54.82) 449(54.64) 84(55.86)
Yes 84(7.92) 65(7.34) 19(11.13)
Unknown 328(37.26) 281(38.02) 47(33.01)
Height, cm, Mean ± S.E 165.55 ± 0.50 165.70 ± 0.54 164.71 ± 1.29 t = -0.718 0.476
Weight, kg, Mean ± S.E 80.55 ± 0.97 80.37 ± 0.98 81.53 ± 2.43 t = 0.475 0.637
BMI, kg/m2, Mean ± S.E 29.20 ± 0.25 29.07 ± 0.25 29.90 ± 0.71 t = 1.174 0.247
Total cholesterol, mg/dL, n (%) χ2 = 1.300 0.260
 < 200 858(87.64) 727(88.53) 131(82.74)
 ≥ 200 87(12.36) 68(11.47) 19(17.26)
HDL-C, mg/dL, n (%) χ2 = 0.002 0.968
 > 35 856(88.24) 718(88.27) 138(88.09)
 ≤ 35 89(11.76) 77(11.73) 12(11.91)
LDL-C, mg/dL, n (%) χ2 = 0.252 0.774
 < 130 401(36.79) 339(36.97) 62(35.77)
 ≥ 130 27(2.65) 21(2.45) 6(3.74)
Unknown 517(60.56) 435(60.58) 82(60.49)
Triglyceride, mg/dL, n (%) χ2 = 0.601 0.541
 < 150 381(35.56) 321(35.90) 60(33.66)
 ≥ 150 47(3.88) 39(3.52) 8(5.84)
Unknown 517(60.56) 435(60.58) 82(60.50)
HOMA-IR, n (%) χ2 = 3.862 0.033
 < 4.39 237(21.90) 203(22.86) 34(16.62)
 ≥ 4.39 191(17.22) 154(15.31) 37(27.68)
Unknown 517(60.88) 438(61.83) 79(55.70)
Total energy, kcal/day, Mean ± S.E 1914.62 ± 37.80 1914.00 ± 40.61 1918.04 ± 99.67 t = 0.038 0.970
Healthy lifestyle, n (%) χ2 = 5.255 0.009
Poor 56(6.31) 40(5.18) 16(12.55)
Intermediate 652(67.45) 547(67.00) 105(69.97)
Good 237(26.24) 208(27.82) 29(17.48)

S.E standard error, HDL-C high density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C low density lipoprotein cholesterol, HOMA-IR homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance